A SKETCH

OF THE

TURKI LANGUAGE

AS SPOKEN IN

EASTERN TURKI STAN

(K&shghar and Tarkand)

BY

ROBERT BARKLEY SHAW, F.R.G.S.,

Political Agent, late on tpecial duty at Kdthghar,

Gold Medallist, Royal Geographical Society.

In Two Part8*

With lists of names of Birds and Plants by J. Scully, Esq.,
Surgeon, H. M. Bengal Army (late on special duty , at Kdshghar).

CALCUTTA:

PBINTED BY C. B. LEWIS, AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PBESS.

1878 .

REPRINTED FROM THE JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL, FOR 1877 AND 1878

jiA vSUi pXe

** Arabic is Science ; Persian is Sugar;

Hindi is Salt; Turki is Art ”—

Oriental Saying.

“ It is a real pleasure to read a Turkish Grammar even though one
may have no wish to acquire it practically. The ingenious manner in which
the numerous grammatical forms are brought out, the regularity which per¬
vades the system of declension and conjugation, the transparency and
intelligibility of the whole structure, must strike all who have a sense of
that wonderful power of the human mind which has displayed itself in
language.

.An eminent orientalist remarked: 4 We might imagine Turkish to

be the result of the deliberations of some society of learned men*; but no
such society could have devised what the mind of man produced, left to
itself in the steppes of Tartary, and guided only by its innate laws, or by
an instinctive power as wonderful as any within the realm of nature**—
Max. Muller 44 Lectures on the Science of Language f Vol. I } Led . VIII.

CORRIGENDA AND ADDENDA.

Page 4,1. 22, for p. 24 read pp. 28, 29
„ 8,1. 6, (of note) far p. 60 read p. 68.

„ 16,1. 13, for (side) read (face)

„ 18,1. 4, for sakla- read saqla-

„ 62,1. 6, after post-positions add and takes possessive affixes

„ 63,1. 8, after (e) insert: The Future Participle itself is often used as a noun of

the agent; e. g. bil-gu ‘ that which makes known/ ‘ a sign*; dch-qu ‘ an
opener/ ‘akey/

Also add to note * :— JS. g. sdo'q (adj.) ‘cold*, sdo'q-luq ‘coldness’;
from the verb sdo-mdq ‘ to be cold.*

„ 66, below 1. 12, Add:—Of the two forms ending in ku and ’k (or ’gh) respectively

(whether used substantively or adjectively) the former generally conveys
an active meaning, and the latter a passive ; e. g. bil-gu ‘ that which makes
known*, bil-ik ‘ that which is known,* ‘ knowledge’; dch-qu ‘ an opener*,
‘a key*, dch-uq ‘opened*, ‘open* (adj.).

„ 66,1. 10 from below, after nari insert —or ? ari

„ 69, last line, for “then” read “now** ; and after “then,” insert —art “moreover,

again”

„ 71,1. 8, after “ singly,” insert— u each” f

„ 96,1. 3, for his hundred desires read the face of desire

„ 96,1. 22, for go forth read go up onto the minaret

„ 102, L 3, Add:—He caused the Qor&n to be read through, and bestowed the
merits of this on the souls of the martyrs.

„ 102,1. 9,/or defeated read conquered *

„ 104,1.13, for the skirt of his robe read his stirrup

PREFACE.

- ■

The Turkish tongues are of singular interest to the student of
language. They are to him, what the mountains which surround
their birth-place are to the geologist; who there can observe many
of the vastest operations of nature and their results, naked as it were,
and not veiled by the superficial covering which in other less barren
countries makes the investigation and tracing out of the various for¬
mations so laborious a task.

The Indo-European languages are like an ancient building, where
frequent restorations have interfered with the original design, and
where finally a universal coat of plaster has destroyed all outward
distinction between old and new. In the Turanian structure, on the
other hand, every tool-mark is still fresh, the places where the scaffol¬
ding has rested are still visible, and we can almost trace each course
of the stone-work to its origin in the quarry whence it was hewn.

It may seem strange that a language developed by the rude and
nomad tribes of Central Asia, who in their own home have never
known how to reduce it to rule (or rather to distinguish the laws
through which they themselves had unconsciously formed it), should
present in fact an example of symmetry in complexity such as few of
the more cultivated forms of speech exhibit. Although its own people
would have one believe that it is subject to no rule and almost purely
arbitrary (their only notion of grammar being that of Arabic and.
Persian with which the Turki cannot be made to fit) ; yet in reality
a few simple and transparent rules suffice to account for all its permu¬
tations. These rules, possessing an accumulative power, are enough
to produce the immense variety of forms noticeable in the Eastern
Turki.

We are now learning to believe that even in languages such as
Greek, German, or even English, every seeming irregularity is really
the result of laws, some of which we know and can trace in their
action, and some of which are yet to be discovered. But in Turki we
1

[ 2 ]

can see them; it is as if the centuries were to flow backwards, and we
could watch the building of the Pyramids and solve by ocular demon¬
stration the doubts of the learned as to the method by which the vast
blocks were transported from the quarries, and placed in their present
positions. We can even detect in some instances a commencement in
this Turanian tongue, of the process by which the Aryan languages
have been polished down and enamelled, as it were, till they reached
their present condition.

Viewed in this light the study of the Eastern Turki is seen to
have an interest which is not to be measured by the amount of the
commercial or other intercourse likely to be facilitated by it. For the
Turkish tongues, a journey eastward is pretty nearly equivalent to
a study of the earlier forms of an Indo-European language. In either
case we get nearer to the source; and the less literary character of
the former makes it easier to approach its origin in space than in
time. R^musat, in his “ Langues Tartares”*, truly says : “ Le dia-
lecte de Constantinople est celui de tous qui s'est le plus enrichi, je
pourrais dire appauvri, par ^introduction de mots Arabes et Persans;
et Pon n'en rencontre que fort peu dans la langue des Turks voisins
de la Chine, ou Pon peut, pour cette raison, esp^rer de retrouver Pan-
tique langue Turke dans un 6tat plus voisin de sa puret£ primitive.”

Valikhanoff (the son of a Kirghiz chief in the Russian service,
whose name, Vali Kh&n, with the affixed Russian patronymic ending
off, is significant of Russia's progress among those tribes) writes :f

“ The language.spoken in K&shghar is altogether unknown to

European savants”, and Prof. Vamb&y, in quoting him, adds that
this language “ has incontestably the most primitive words and for¬
mations amongst all Turkish forms of speech.”J

In the Turkish of K&shghar and Yarkand (which some European
linguists have called U'ighur,\ a name unknown to the inhabitants of
those towns, who know their tongue simply as Turki), we can obtain
a glimpse backwards at a state of the language when the noun (which
in Western Turkish is almost inflected) was but a rude block, labelled
if necessary by attaching other nouns, &c., to show its relation to the

* Page 250, edition 1820.

f See Messrs. Michel’s “ Russians in Central Asia.”

X Vambery’s a Chagataische Sprach-studien,” p. 3.

§ This would seem in many case to be a misnomer as applied to the modem lan¬
guage of Kashghar.

[ 3 ]

remaining words of a sentence, as in Chinese. Of these attached
words we can still see the meaning and special force, and can even use
some of them as independent parts of speech (see below in Chapter III
and Chapter VII, Numerals). It requires scientific dissection to ex¬
tract and realize the meaning of the genitive element in the Latin
word “rosae,” for instance; but the Turki genitive ulus-nung (“ tribe's,”
lit. “ tribe property”) bears its origin on its face, and it cannot be
very long ago that the word “ nung ” or “ neng” would have been used
freely to mean “ goods” or “ possessions,” as it is in the Kudatku-
Bilik* (translated by Prof. Vamb^ry). The mark of the accusative
ni is at the present day in common use as an independent pronoun
signifying “ what.”

When we follow these affixes into Western Turkish, they seem to
have lost their initial consonants, and to have sunk into mere inflec¬
tional terminations.t

At the early period above referred to, the verb was perhaps a mere
noun of action, destitute of any conjugation, although afterwards label¬
led by means of certain syllables (originally independent words) to
indicate the several times and modes of the action. Such compound
words, which could hardly be considered verbs, would apply equally to
the agent , the action , and the object acted upon. In this stage the
Turki verb would have answered to the description of the same part
of speech in an allied tongue : “ The Tibetan verbs must be regarded as
denoting, not an action or suffering or condition of any subject, but

merely a coming to pass .they are destitute of what is called in our

languages the active or passive voice, as well as of the discrimination
of persons, and show nothing beyond a rather poor capability of ex-

* E. g. ula neng “ bestow (thy) property.”

t This wiU be seen by an inspection of the foUowing comparative statement:—

Hoot.

Kashghari

Post-positions.

Osmanli

terminations.

Nom. ...

dt

....

....

Gen.

dt

ning

-ung (unj

Dat.

dt

gah

-ah

Acc.

dt

ni

-i

Abl.

dt

din

i

-tin

&c.

&c.

[ 4 ]

pressing the most indispensable distinctions of tense and mood.The

inflection of verbs...is done in three different ways : . (c), by adding

[to the Root] various monosyllabic appendices, the Infinitive, Parti¬
ciples, and so called gerunds are formed.” [Dr. Jaeschke's Tibetan
Grammar, printed at the Moravian Mission Press at Kyelang, in
British Lahaul, Chapter VI, §§ 29 and 30], (see also page 24, below).

A further development of the language would consist in also label¬
ling these verbal nouns with the several pronouns or the corresponding
possessive affixes (according as the desired sense might require) to
point out the subject of the action; and thus were at last obtained
several tenses of a real conjugation.

All these stages of the Turki verb formation co-exist in the present
language of Y&rkand. If one asks a man whether he has seen so-and-
so, he replies : “ korgan .” This word may denote equally “ the person
who sees,” “ the thing seen,” and “ the action of seeing.” But in a
case of ambiguity, or for greater emphasis, he might also answer:
kdrgan-im bar (lit. “ my seeing exists”), or korgan-man (lit. “ I the
seer”). In one case the possessive (im “ my”), and in the other the
personal pronoun (man “ I”), is affixed; and thus the 1st Person
singular of two (Indefinite) Past Tenses is formed. These are the two
typical modes of forming the persons of a tense, and there is no other.

Out of such simple materials is the whole Turkish conjugation
produced, which Prof. Max Muller compares to a tree with innumer¬
able branches, each of which is bowed down to the earth by the weight
of the fruit which it bears. The above form, kor-gan, is but one of the
several verbal nouns produced from the root kor ; the same root when
labelled with other affixes, instead of gan , denoting different times
(tenses) or modes (moods) for the action, forms various verbal nouns
and participles. These participles, either attached to pronouns as
above, or in composition with auxiliary participles which are so at¬
tached, produce the whole of the 270 (and odd) tense-persons of which
a primary Turki verb conjugation consists.

R&nusat charges the Eastern Turki (Ouigour) with employing no
true auxiliary verb, i. e., according to his definition, an auxiliary per¬
sonal future or past tense applied to a participle, either future or past
(not present ). “ II r^sulte de cette eombinaison, des plusque-parfaits,

des futurs, des parfaits composes, toutes choses inconnues en Ouigour.”

A further acquaintance has revealed to us, at least in modern
Ouigour ( a actuellement la langue des habitants des villes depuis Khasi-

[ 5 ]

gar jusqu'k Kamoul"), all these things which M. de R&nusat had
missed. Such tenses as qelip-idim , “1 had done/' qelip-bolurman,
‘ I shall have done/' qela-durghan-boldum, “ I have determined to do"
(lit. “I have become about to do"), answer completely to the above
definition. Thus the Turki tongue leaves nothing to be desired in the
way of tense varieties.

But this is not all; for the root itself previous to the addition of
any tense or mood terminations may have its meaning or application
modified by other affixes (producing secondary Verbs, Passive, Causative,
Reciprocative, &c.) By the accumulative faculty of the Turki tongue
these produce numbers of fresh forms. Like a gambler who “ doubles
all round," each of them adds to the former stock of words a number
equal to that which existed without it. Going round to each tense of
the original verb and of its compounds, it lays down another by its
side. One peculiarity of the process called “ playing double or quits"
is, as pointed out by Thackeray in the case of Mr. Deuceace, that
after a given number of repetitions (which may be easily calculated)
the original stake will have swollen to the size of the National Debt.
Fortunately there is a limit to the number of times that a Turki verb
can double its tenses; but still it reaches a figure which sounds most
formidable to those who do not know that they can acquire it by a
process of multiplication, and are not bound to add each unit separately
to the mass of their knowledge.*

With all these possible combinations before him, the Turk of the
East appears to construct his words on each occasion from the elements
at his disposal (as a compositor sets up type), rather than to employ
ready-made or stereotyped forms. He accumulates affix upon affix
until he has completed his meaning, instead of looking about him for
a single word to which that meaning is already assigned.f Hence his

* It may easily be calculated how many separate elements require to be retained
in the memory, in order to remember the vast number of forms of a single Eastern
Turkish verb. Thus there are about 13 participial (and root) stems, and 25 different
syllables or words used in the formation of tenses (including pronouns, auxiliary roots
and participles). There are also 6 modifying syllables, making the secondary verb-
forms. Thus absolutely only 44 verb-elements require to be learned by rote, the com¬
binations and permutations of which suffice to make up the entire Turki verb con¬
jugation amounting to nearly 29,000 possible forms applicable to each separate (tran¬
sitive) verb root. See N. B. at end of “ Verbs.”

t In Eastern Turki “ un-get-at-able-ness” would be a perfectly legitimate form
(indeed quite a characteristic one). Vide Yet- aU mas- lik % fe.

attain able not ness.

[ 6 ]

belief that his language is arbitrary and dependent only on his own
will (notwithstanding the fact that he really, though unconsciously,
works on distinct and simple principles), and hence also the fact that
to him each element of his words retains its separate vitality and
meaning. When a Frenchman says “ vous etes", he has ordinarily
no notion that in the termination “ —tes" he is repeating the pronoun
“ vous" in another form. But an Eastern Turk is perfectly aware of
the meaning of the termination in the words dursiz , “ ye are", kel-
ghaningiz , “ ye have done" ('your doing exists'), and will not hesitate
to use the same pronouns in other applications (as siz-ga birdim “ I
gave to you," or even superfluously prefixed to the verb, as siz dursiz ,
“ ye are" ; and so also dt-ingiz, “ your horse").

As has been justly pointed out by Prof. Max Muller, among no¬
mad families and tribes the tendency to adopt peculiarities and corrup¬
tions of language is constantly being neutralized by meetings and by
the necessities of intercourse with other families or tribes among whom
no such peculiarities, or different ones, have sprung up; while these
meetings do not usually last long enough to allow of the growth of
peculiarities common to the whole nation. When people, however,
settle down in communities and towns, a certain number of expressions
become worn down, as it were, by daily use, and in such a state of
society these corruptions would be likely to become fixed and permanent.
In this process the rationale of the various formations becomes less
evident; the elements of the words are so fused together as to become
indistinguishable; from want of recognizable examples men cease to
put together unconsciously each word as they want it, and begin to
use only those to whose sound they have become accustomed, and which
are as it were ready-made. Thus the language loses in its richness of
perhaps superabundant forms. It leaves the fluid and enters the solid
state.

Even in Central Asia such a process has begun in the towns and
villages. Who would recognize in the short word wopti the compound
tense bol-up-ir-d-i, “ it had become." Yet a native of Khokand, who
will use the former in conversation, will spell it out at the full length
of the latter if he has occasion to write it. He has not yet lost his
sense of the full force of every one of the five elements that build it
up. To a stranger who knew that the infinitive was bolmdq (or even
wolmaq), the pluperfect wopti would seem a most irregular form, and
would be no guide in forming the pluperfects of other verbs.

[ 7 ]

The Y&rkandi (who lives further East) has not proceeded so far
in his corruption of the word. He contents himself with shortening
it into bolupti (showing greater respect for the root.) So aparado (or,
as the Andij&nis say: aparade) is used, where the true form is al-ip-
bdr-a iur-ur , lit. “ having taken (he) going is standing" (viz., “ he is
taking away”). The intermediate steps are alip-bdra-trur, then alip-
bara-dur, then ap-bara-dur, and then apara-dur ; the corruption going
on independently in the several members of the word, converting alip
into ap , fusing the initial b of bar with the preceding p, and turning
turur finally into do or de. So also the imperative of another com¬
pound verb is shortened from al-ip-kel to apke or even akke. And
thus some words travel West, from the deserts their birthplace, leaving
a letter behind them in each country where they halt, but bearing the
scars indelible on their bodies.

In extending itself towards Europe the Turkish tongue seems to
approach the inflectional stage of development. Even in such forms
as wopti, apke , and do (for turur), the root itself, the very sanctuary
of an agglutinative language, has been invaded. But, moreover, in

Western Turkish the affixes or terminations have become so far blended

%

with the verb that their origin has been lost sight of. Some Gram¬
marians in their analysis have mistaken, for instance, the pronominal
affixes for parts of an auxiliary verb. Thus kilrum is by them sup¬
posed to be formed from the participle kilur and the word im " I am"
(which is in reality no verb, but a pronoun). M. de Remusat, in his
most learned and interesting researches on the Tartar Languages, sees
an anomaly in the fact that, while both in Osmanli and in Ouigour
(defined as “ encore actuellement la langue des habitants des villes
depuis Khasigar jusqu'k Kamoul") there exist the tenses, kilur-um and
kil-dum formed respectively with two tenses of the substantive verb,
viz., im (urn), “I am", and idum (-dum), “ I was"; yet this verb
only exists in Osmanli, and not in Ouigour. In other words, that
tenses in a primitive Turkish language (Ouigour) are formed by means
of another verb which only exists in a later dialect (the Osmanli).

“ Pourquoi n'y retrouve-t-on pas plutot le radical Ouigour erdi,
ou dour, ou dourour? Quelle cause peut avoir introduit un SISment Stran¬
ger dans la conjugaison des verbes, la partie la plus intime de la gram-
maire ? Ce fait peu connu, si j'avais rSussi k en bien exposer toutes les
circonstances, offrirait, ce me semble, un probleme philologique assez
curieux k rSsoudre."

[ 8 ]

The answer is interesting and illustrates the progress of language.
The seeming problem results from the degree to which forms, clear
enough in Eastern Turki, have become corrupted and obscured in
Western Turkish. Taking the Past Tense, idum, &c., first, this
certainly exists in Ouigour, where it is written erdim The

modern K&shghari supplies the missing link by writing this word as
above erdim or irdim and pronouncing it idim. Thus the Ouigour
“ radical” or auxiliary erdi which M. de B^musat desired, is really
present in the tense c kildum’, ‘ kildi’, under its later form c idum’,
‘ idi’y whose absence from Ouigour he laments.

Next taking the Present Tense kilar-um, formed with a supposed
Pres. Tense of the Verb Substantive, viz. im “ I am”, &c.—the follow¬
ing comparison with the corresponding K&shghar (so-called Ouigour) or
more primitive tense will solve the problem, or rather will show that
there is none :—

Osmanli. Primitive.

Participle . Supposed Verb Kashghar (Ouigour).

Substantive . Participle . Affixed Pronouns .

s.

1st.

kelur

um

kelur

man (=1)

2nd.

kelur

sen

kelur

san (=thou)

»

3rd.

kelur

—

kelur

—

PL

1st.

kelur

iz

kelur

miz (=we)

2nd.

kelur

siz

kelur

siz (=ye)

>>

3rd.

kelur

lar

kelur

...

a*

**

T

I

It is plain that the Osmanli terminations are merely survivals of
the primitive affixed pronouns.*

In no case can it be allowed that such a series of dissimilar syl¬
lables is really one tense, or that they are parts of the verb " to be.”+
An examination of the Yarkand and Kkshghar dialect accounts for
them in another way; and even were this not the case, analogy is

* If it be urged that besides the use of the syllables im, sen , &c., as verb-termi¬
nations, they are also used with substantives and adjectives, &c., in the sense of the
verb “ to bethis may be paralleled by the Eastern Turki usage by which pronouns
are affixed (without any verb) to substantives and adjectives and other pronouns, and
yet do not cease to be pronouns: e. g. kiehik-man “ I (am) small” ; Turk-san, “ thou
(art) a Turk shu-man , “I (am) he” (See page 60). The verb “to be” is simply
* sous-entendu' in these cases.

t The present tense of irmalc " to be” would be ira-man or irur-man f irur-san,
&c. This tense is found in old books.

[ 9 ]

against such irregularities of form in a Turkish verb, no sign even of
a common root being apparent in the different persons.

Thus, if the Ouigour (K&shghar) form of Turkish does not possess
such a Verb Substantive as im “ I am" (as M. de R^musat justly says),
so neither does the Osmanli. There is no element in these Osmanli
tenses which does not exist independently in the so-called Ouigour or
Eastern Turkistfim. Though I have taken R^musatfs words as my
text (because they themselves suggest the comparison with a more
primitive dialect), yet it would seem that many Grammarians are
under the same misapprehension with regard to the supposed Osmanli
substantive verb. The pronominal affixes have become so blended
in the verbs, as almost to lose all trace of their origin, and what is this
but a long step towards inflection.

Thus in the varied dialects of that wide-spread tongue which is
spoken over 70 Degrees of Longitude, extending from under the
shadow of the Great Wall of China and the head waters of the Yellow
River almost to the shores of the Adriatic, we see a whole volume in
the history of language unrolled before us. Nearly every stage in the
development of speech, between the monosyllabism of China at one end
and the highly developed inflectionalism of Europe at the other, can
be studied in the dialects spoken by that Turkish race which forms a
link between the extreme East and the extreme West of the Old
World.

It is hoped that an account, however imperfect, of the more East¬
erly or primitive form of this tongue will not be without interest to
students.

N, B .—In the following pages it will be noted that the Perfect
Participle has been written with a p, whereas in the Extracts it will
be found to end in a v . But it must be remembered that the
Turki writers are very chary of wasting more “ nuqtas” than they can
help, and make but seldom a difference in writing (and sometimes in
speaking) between <-» and *-> and between g and £. The sound given
to the final letter of the Perfect Participle is distinctly that of p, as
may moreover be discovered from the fact that it hardens the dentals
which follow it (in affixes) e. g., bolu(p)-ti , and not bolu (b)-di, as
would be the case according to the Rules of Phonetic Variation
(which see) if the final consonant were soft.

2

[ 10 ]

Again, it will be seen that I have written att-Ti, ket-ii, whereas
in Turki manuscripts these words are often written ait-m, ket-m.
This latter spelling is due to a recollection of the origin of the for¬
mation (viz., the presence of the auxiliary irdi or idi in a shortened
form), but the pronunciation is in fact that of a double t ; as in Eng¬
lish the word written as “ cupboard” is pronounced “ cubboard.” The
Turki writers, however, very frequently recognise this pronunciation
by merely putting a “ tashdid” over the t instead of preserving the d

n

in the second place (e* for *■>).

Kashghae, :

November 28 th, 1874.

R. B. S.

PART I.

GRAMMAR.

GRAMMAR

CHAPTER I.

THE LETTERS.

The letters employed in writing by the inhabitants of Eastern Turkis-
t&n are the same as those in general use among Muhammadan nations,
viz., those of the Arabic alphabet. It is needless to describe their system
of writing at any length since it is known to all Oriental scholars; only
the peculiarities of pronunciation, form, or use, will be noted here.

I A, d in the beginning of words is often pronounced very broad (like aw) ;

as in dt = horse (pronounced awt or of).

In other parts of a word, if preceding several consonants together,
it is also often pronounced broad.

Ex.: bdshqa = other (pronounced boshqd).

In other cases, however, it resembles the a in father.

The short pronunciation of a is that of our words ordinary, oriental ,
America, &c.

In some words the a is pronounced like the English a in ‘hand’,
4 than’, &c.

Ex.: Yarlcand , pronounced something between that spelling and
‘ Yerkendat, * name’, pronounced like the English word ‘ at*
(almost ett).

AT. B .—As the people of Eastern Turkist&n are rather uncertain in
their use of the long vowels in writing, the use of them in short
syllables being common and not implying any lengthening of the
sound, in the following pages the broad mark (d, e, i and u) will
only be introduced when the sound is long, and not invariably
wherever long vowels are used.

Ex.: will be written bashlamaq (pronounced almost bosh -

lamock). Although there are three ‘ alifs,* yet only the first and
third are pronounced long or broad. So also with the other
vowels.

w ^ B & P, often interchanged in writing, and often confounded in pro¬
nunciation.

«£> T, the ordinary oriental, or soft European sound.

on-

[ 14 ]

£ £ J & Ch, often interchanged; when preceding consonants, they both
.of them tend towards the pronunciation of the French *j 9 ; hence in
that position they are often confounded with one another and with sh.
Ex.: ‘ ichku 9 = goat, almost like ‘ ishku 9 (and, vice versd , the word tap -
shurdi has been found written tapjurdi).

Before vowels the distinction is better kept up.

Ex.: chiqmaq, jab dug.

£ H, a harsh guttural aspirate, but yet distinct from the following letter.
The Eastern Turkistanis put below it the mark usually denoting the
other oriental h.

Kh, the German ch (as in machen , not as in ich) ;

D, the ordinary sound.
j B, do. But the Y&rkandis often swallow it altogether

when it precedes another consonant, and sometimes in that case omit
it even in writing.

Ex.: arpa = barley, pronounced apa; irdi, irmas, pronounced and
often written idi, imas.
j Z, the sound as in ‘ zeal. 9

S, the ordinary sound. The Turkis write this letter with three dots
reversed beneath the letter.

Sh, the sound of the French ch, or the German sch 9 or of sh in the
English word shall. (See remarks under J.)

^ the oriental letter ‘ ’ain’, a sound inexplicable in writing.

£ Oh, the oriental letter ‘ghain’, resembling in sound the Parisian ‘ r
grassay6,’ or the Northumberland ‘burr,’ sometimes interchanged
with (3, q (see Chapter II., “ Phonetic changes of Consonants”),
o F, often interchanged in pronunciation, and even in writing with P :
as ‘ Fddshah 9 for ‘ Fddshah 9 ; ‘ farwah 9 for ‘ parwaK and vice versd,

1 pur sat 9 for ( fursat 9 .

<5 Q, pronounced far back in the throat with a kind of choking effort.
The Yarkand pronunciation of it is rougher than that of the Persians.
Sometimes interchangeable with £ gh (see “ Phonetic changes”),
ill K, the ordinary sound, as in the English word ‘ keep. 9

O, the ordinary sound, as in get , never as in gin. K and Q are some¬
times interchangeable (see “ Phonetic changes”), and in manuscript
the second stroke is generally omitted.

%Jj ng, is pronounced as in English, but the g is not separately or distinctly
sounded even before a vowel. The pronunciation is that of “ hanger",
not of “ anger ”.

J L, the ordinary sound,
f M, do.

& iV", do.

j W or 0 or Z7. As a consonant, the same as the English w. As a
vowel, there are four varieties of pronunciation, not distinguished by
any difference in the vernacular writing, viz .:—

O, as in bone.

O, (German sound). Ex.: Jeon (day) rhymes with G. schon, but is
pronounced a little shorter.

TT, (English oo). Ex.: bu, (this) pronounced boo.

U, (French u) or German u or ue. Ex.: ulmak (to die) : the sound
of u in German ‘ fiber*.
a H y the common aspirate.

T or JE or I. As a consonant, pronounced like the English y ; but
the Y&rkandis often give it a slight sound of the French j : as yuz
(side), pronounced l juz y (Frenchy), and iTcS (two), pronounced ijJcd.
As a vowel, either long e (the French sound in “ pere”, the same as
the English diphthong ay), or short as in then ; or else i (either
short as in ‘ bit' or long as in ‘ machine').

THE VOWEL MARKS.

The Eastern Turkist&ni written language possesses, though it seldom
uses, the ordinary Oriental vowel marks. The entire system of spelling is
in theory that of the Arabic alphabet; but as this system is a foreign adapt¬
ation, and not a home-growth (for the Eastern Ttirki existed both in a
spoken and in a written form before the introduction of Arabic into the
country), we find many traces of imperfect fitting between the language
and the writing that conveys it.

Even in books we meet with the same word spelt in different manners ;
but more especially is the divergence apparent in the want of distinction

between the sounds represented by the short vowel marks “zabar” ( — )
“zer” (—), and“pesh” (—) , and by the long vowels “alif” (| ),

“ ye” (ls), and “ w&o” (j ) respectively. These latter are often pro¬
nounced short, e. g .: pronounced din (from) as though written oa,

while in Persian it would be pronounced din (faith). The “ pesh” over

. -j

a consonant is often pronounced like an i: e. g., ^3 tush, pronounced tish
(tooth).

The Y&rkandis on the whole seem to use the oriental vowels much
like we use our own. That is, they rather ignore the system of vowel-
sounds as inherent in consonants, and consider a written vowel almost
necessary to complete a syllable, whether long or short.*

* I have found spelt jUA, &c.

[ 16 ]

CHAPTER II.

PHONETIC VARIATION.

The Root of a Verb never changes in any formation ; nor does any
Substantive* or Adjective. But there are numerous syllables capable of
being affixed, whose vowels and consonants vary with those of the word
they are attached to, according to certain general rules which are not with¬
out exceptions.

A somewhat similar fact in European languages (as regards the con¬
sonants) is the change of the Latin prefix ad into ac in the word accept,
into at in the word attain , and into af in the word affix, &c.

The guiding principle of the Tdrki variation seems to be this: that
the mouth and throat having assumed a certain shape for the pronuncia¬
tion of certain sounds, it is difficult in the compass of the same word to
shift the position of the organs ; or, when a hard breath is coming out, to
change it suddenly into a soft breathing ; and vice versd .

Thus, if the throat has been put into the half choking state necessary
to pronounce the ‘ ghain’ (gh) or the * q&f ’ (y), and another guttural
comes immediately afterwards, it is difficult to prevent this being sounded
with the same choking effort (or, in other words, it is difficult to shift for¬
ward suddenly the place of utterance) ; and vice versd .

Thus it will be found comparatively easy to pronounce sarigh-qul
(where two choking gutturals follow one another) ; but a difficulty will be
found in trying to say consecutively reg gum (the Persian and Turki
words respectively for ‘ sand’), where the contact between the root of the
tongue and the back part of the palate (for the g) has to be shifted
suddenly back into the throat for the g ; and still more difficult to give the
proper sounds to each of the so-called gutturals in the following compound:
ag kupruk (“ white bridge”), where the initial k will almost inevitably
retain some of the choking g sound, unless a fresh breath be taken.

An effort is required, and this the Turkis avoid.

Thus, (a) Gutturals (so called) of either class , which may be roughly
designated as common \_k and y], and true (choking) [g and yA], when con¬
tained in a root tend to bring any guttural contained in an affix into the
same class .

So again, when one has pronounced the syllable yet , it is easier to com¬
plete the word with a t than with a d. Thus yet-di becomes changed into

* Excepting when a final q or k softens into a gh or g respectively before an
affix. See p. 18.

[ 17 ]

yet-ti , for the same reason that cup-board has become cubboard in English
pronunciation. So pit-gan becomes pit-lean.*

On the other hand after the liquids r and l, which only require a soft
utterance, it would require a fresh effort of the breath to bring out the
hard sounds of b 9 q or t, so g, gh or d are used.

Ex.: bdr-ghan “ going kel-di “ he came.”

Thus, (b) Sard consonants at the end of the root tend to harden the
utterance of the guttural or dental of the affix, and vice versa.

*****

The principle is the same in the case of the vowels. When the tone
of a word, as it were, is in u (oo), say, the Turkis continue that sound, or
one complementary to it, in certain of the affixes.

Ex. : ur-dum not ur-dim
tosh-lob not tosh-lib.

Such are the principles on which the practice seems to rest. The fol¬
lowing are generally the rules by which these principles work; but they
must be considered rather as tendencies than as rigid laws, and they only
act where no other consideration interferes.

It is not all affixes that are liable to variation. Some seem to partake
of the unchangeable nature of the roots. The particular affixes which are
liable to phonetic variation will be pointed out in the following pages.

PHONETIC VARIATIONS OP CONSONANTS.

Final Letter of Root

Consequent initial of Affix.

(i Simple or Compoundl).

Guttural.

Dental .

Usually after
t, Tc, g, n, in
body of Root.

Usually after
b, p, ch , d y Sy

1 , y, q y in body
of Root.

ordinary.

choking.

a, d, e, g, h, i, j, 1, m, n, o, r, u, z,
Ex. 1, (See below).

g or

d Soft

ch, k, q, p, s, sh, t. Ex. 2,
(See below).

or

or

k or

q

t Sard

* See post, Specimen pieces (copy of Passport): “ Tdrkand-ga khidmat-ka.” Here
ga and ha are the same word, but the initial guttural is softened after the final d of
Yarkand , and hardened after the final t of khidmat.

3

[ 19 ]

. [X. B. —If the root ends with either of the consonants with which

the affix may begin, there is simply a re-duplication.

Ex. : tig-gan not tig-kani\

Ex. 1: sakla-ghan, sakla-di , from sakla-mak = to take care of.
kel-gan, kel-di , from kel-mak = to come.
qel-ghan, qel-di, from qel-maq — to do.
tut-ma-ghan, from tut-mdq = to seize.
kon-ga, “ to a day,” yoZ-gha “ to a road.”

Ex. 2 : ishit-kan, ishit-ti, from ishit-mak = to hear.
ket-kan, ket-te , from ket-mak = to go.

£ec&-kan, from kech-mak = to pass over.

qach-ti, from qach-maq = to flee.

£/£&-ka, u to a tooth,” yash-<\a, “ to an age.*”

Thus, in the above examples the final letter l of the root kel deter¬
mines that the initial letter of the participial affix shall be a soft guttural
( g or gh) rather than a hard one (Je or q) ; while the k of the same kel
determines which of the two soft gutturals should be chosen, viz ., the
ordinary one g, and not the true (choking) one gh.

On the other hand, in the example qel-ghan, while the letter / again
compels the choice of a soft guttural, the other root-consonant q neces¬
sitates the adoption of the true (choking) soft guttural gh rather than of the
ordinary one.

In ket-kan again, we have the hard guttural induced by the final t of
the root, while the other root-consonant k being ordinary , determines that
the hard guttural used in the affix shall be of the same class.

It will be seen that there is a cross division of the gutturals; 1st,
into soft ( g and gh), and hard (k and q) ; 2nd, into ordinary (g and k),
and true (choking) (gh and q).

Thus the rules given above may be re-stated in other words, viz., that
the former of these cross divisions is the one affected by the final letter of
the roots, while, the latter division is that over which the other letters of
the root bear rule.

In the dentals there is only a simple division into soft and hard (d and
t), affected only by the final letter of the root.

Any word ending in a k or q softens the final letter into g or gh re¬
spectively before an affix beginning with a vowel (and sometimes even before
consonants). Ex. kunglak “ a coat”, chaukan kunglag-i “ a young woman’s
coat” ; sariq “ yellow”, Sarigh-chopan (the name of a place).

It may be added that the letter q seems to have a certain affinity to
the broad sound of d, and the letter k to its short sound (almost like an e
as in the English word hat). Thus (jjbo (mdq) is pronounced almost like
“ mock,” while (mak) is pronounced as in “ Mac Andrew” (almost
mec ).

[ 19 ]

On the other hand, the vowel e seems to take its broad sound with the
k, and its short sound with the q : e : g: kel-mak 44 to come” (pronounced
almost “ caiUmec”) ; and qel-maq 44 to do” (pronounced almost “ kill -
mock.”

PHONETIC VARIATION OF TOWELS.

1. Whenever the affix begins with a Vowel and the Root ends with
one, the latter prevails.

Ex. : achku'm (achku = key, and ’m possessive affix of 1st Person).

-V. B. —With a final diphthong there is no elision; the chief vowel
(see Rule 2) induces the corresponding vowel for the affix : Ex.: 4 tiii-up .*

2. In all other cases the affix assumes a vowel corresponding with the
chief Root vowel, as follows:—

Root Vowel or Diphthong. Corresponding Vowel for Affix.

1. a at . i

2. e . i

3. i . i

4. o . u

5. 6 d

6 . u . u

7. u . ii

8. oi . u

9. ui . i

Ex. (1). tila-dim [tila (verb-root) and cTm (affix of 1st person Past)].

(5). kor-dom [kor (verb-root) and dfm (affix of 1st person Past)].

(1) . tap-ip [tap (verb-root) and 'p (affix Perf. Participle)],

(2) . kel-ip [kel (verb-root) and 'p (affix Perf. Participle)].

(4). soq-wp [soq (verb-root) and y p (affix Perf. Participle)].

(7). tiii-dum [t ui (verb-root) and d'm (affix of 1st person Past)].

(2.) ket-ing [ket (verb-root) and 'ng (affix 2nd person)].

(6 ) qwm-lwq \jq%m = sand, Vq (substantival affix)].

(1). bdsh-Kk {hash = head, Vk (substantival affix)].

(6.) ytik-wng [yiik = baggage, 'ng (affix 2nd person)].

(4.) yol-nwng [pol = road, n'ng (affix genitive case)].

(6.) azttq-tfmiz [azuq = food, 'miz (possessive affix 1st pers. Plural)].

(1.) gundh-imiz {gunah = sin, 9 miz (possessive affix 1st pers. Plural)].

If there is more than one affix, each is affected by the preceding one as
if this were the Root (both as to consonants and vowels).
fix. 1: 4 tut-ma-ghan ’ ; 4 tut-al-ghanf (without the affix ma or al inter¬
posed, the last affix would take the form tut-kan). So yort-ong with
the affix lar interposed becomes ydrt-l&r-\ng, not -dng.

[ 20 ]

2. 1 bil-mmg ’ (‘ bil-ma-ng ’) ; ‘ kel-tur-up' (‘ kel-tur-'p') (Cf. 6i7-
iwy, &eZ-ip). Often the first affix has itself been affected by the Boot
Ex.: ‘ biUin-ip\ ‘ tut-ush-up.’

CHAPTER III.

THE SUBSTANTIVE. ‘

The Plural of Turki words is formed by affixing the syllable lar
(which does not vary phonetically) ; and whenever this syllable occurs with
a Substantive, it comes immediately after the root or radical portion of the
word, which root is in every case inalterable.*

Ex.: dt-lar = horses (from dt = a horse)
ata-lar = fathers (from ata = a father).

There are no Articles in Turki Grammar.

There is no difference of Gender in Turki.

Besides the above, two other sets of attached syllables or affixes are
taken by the Substantive:—

(a). The first set is that of the Possessive Terminations. They
are affixed to Substantives, &c., governing other substantives or pronouns
in the genitive case, in the manner that will be seen below.

Singular Possessive Examples.

Affixes.

1st person ’mf at-im — my horse ; put-urn = my foot;

ata-m = my father. See the Rules of
Phonetic variation (vowels).

2nd „ ’ng yer-ing = thy place ; achku-ng = thy

key. (Vowel variable.)

3rd „ i or si yoUi = his (her or its) road ; ata-si =

his (or her) father. The vowel is not
variable. The form i is used after a
consonant and si after a vowel or a
silent h termination.

Plural.

1st person 9 mix ui-miz — our house ; at-imiz = our horse.

(Vowel variable.)

2nd „ J ngiz or 'nglar giz-ingiz = your daughter ; yort-onglar

= your country. (Vowel variable.)

3rd „ i or si yort-i = their country. (Same as 3rd

person Singular.)

* Except by the softening of a final guttural k or q into g or gh before an affix.
See p. 18, at bottom.

f The apostrophe marks the place of the variable vowel in the affixes; ’m there¬
fore is a general form to express m, um, om, &c.

[ 21 ]

As before mentioned, the Plural affix of the noun, where employed,
precedes these (as well as any other) affixes.

Ex.: at-lar-im — my horses.

yort-lar-ing = thy countries [to be distinguished from yort-onglar = your
(PI.) country.]

yort-lar-inglar or yort-lar-ingiz = your countries.

Again :— yol-i = his (her, its or their) road.
yoUlar-i = his (her, its or their) roads.

These Possessive Affixes are merely subsidiary to the regular Posses¬
sive Pronouns (or Nouns in the genitive, in the case of the 3rd person),
which, as in European languages, precede the governing Nouns. This
will be further treated of in the Chapter on Pronouns.

( [b ). The second set of Affixes that may be attached to Nouns an¬
swer the purpose accomplished by declensional inflections and by prepositions
in the classical and modern languages of Europe. For the sake of clear¬
ness they will be here classed under the ordinary declensional headings
or cases; though these Affixes have not yet grown into the words they are
attached to, as in the inflectional languages, but remain separate Post¬
positions.

Cases. Substantive. Post-positions. English.

Nominative dt ... ahorse.

Genitive dt ning \ntmg or narbg]* of a horse.

Dative dt gha [ ga , Jca or ga] + to a horse.

Accusative dt V n (Possessive) horse.

C ni a horse.

Locative dt da in (or at) a horse.

Ablative dt din [or dan] from a horse.

birla or bilan with a horse.

&c., &c.

-ZV. B .—The Possessive form of the Accusative is employed as a Pos¬
sessive Affix of the 3rd person only.

Ex. : Bddshah-ning dt- in alip-lcel , Bring the king’s horse.

Any of these Post-positions (Sec. b.) may be agglomerated on to the
end of any of the Possessive Affixes (Sec. a.) going through the whole
declension with each of the latter.

Ex.: yol-um-nung y yol-um-ga, yol-um-ni 9 yol-um-da, Sfc ., at-lar-imiz-din , Sfc.
road my of , road my to, road my (acc,), road my in horse (pi.) our from
The order in which the Affixes treated of in this Chapter take their

* See “ Phonetic Variation of Vowels." The Yarkandis have a preference for the
form nang.

t See u Phonetic Variation of Consonants."

[ 22 ]

places (when present) after the Noun, is as follows : 1st, Noun; 2nd, Plu¬
ral Affix ; 3rd, Possessive Affix ; 4th, Post-position.

Ex.: ui— Tar - i - ning — of his houses.

(Noun) (PI. Aff.) Poss. (Post-pos.)

qiz — lar - ingiz - ga — to your daughters.

(Noun) (PI. Aff.) (Poss. Aff.) (Post-pos.).

Sometimes the Genitive post-position ning is omitted and only the
Possessive affix of the other noun retained, i. e., two nouns are placed
in apposition, the latter of them in the possessed form of the 3rd person ;
this is done when the compound is a common one in frequent use, as
in English “ house-door”, door-key”, “ sun-light.”

Ex. nds Jcutu-si = “ a snuff-box” (for nas-ning icutu-si.)

Qol Jcap-i = “a hand-cover (i. e. glove).”

Yuz-bash-i = a centurion, lit. “ the head of a hundred.”

Note. — Derivation of the declensional Affixes of the Genitive
and Accusative. The affix of the Genitive may be represented (as has
been seen above) by the formula n'ng, which becomes ning, nung , &c., accor¬
ding to the vowels of the word that it is affixed to. Now I imagine that
this may be originally the same as the substantive neng, which in the
ancient form of Turki called Uighur means “ thing” or “property.” [See
Vambery’s “ Uigurische Sprachmonumente” Vocabulary, p. 208.] In order
to express the idea of the genitive, e. g., to say “the Chief’s horse,” the
Turkis would find the mere apposition of the word Beg “ Chief,” by the
side of the word ati, “ the horse (his horse),” insufficient to discriminate
between possessor and possessed ; so they would label off the owner by the
affixing of the word “ neng” meaning “ property.”

Thus they would say “ Beg neng ati” which would mean “ Chief-
property the horse”. Here “ Chief-property” or “ Chief’s property” would
be the general description of the class of things to be denoted, amongst
which one thing is afterwards more particularly designated by saying
“ the horse.” Thus we first get the genus (genitive), and then the
particular individual in that genus. [See Max Muller’s “Lectures on

Language,” Vol. I, p. 114, Fifth Edition “. casus generalise the

general case, or rather the case which expresses the genus or kind. This is
the real power of the genitive.”]

A more uncertain derivation is that of the Accusative affix ni. The
same syllable also forms the Turki word for “ that” or “ what (that which).”
Thus dt-ni mindi may perhaps be really “ horse that-which he rode nan-
ni yedur , “ bread that-which he is eating,” i. e., “ he rode a horse,” “ he is
eating bread.”. The affix ni thus would point out the object of the verb ;
its subject being left undistinguished, as it is indicated by the affix of the
verb itself.

[ 23 ]

Possessive Affix, 3rd Person. It has been seen above that the
Possessive Affixes corresponding to the several persons are as follows :

* 1st yol-um = my road.

2nd yol-ung = thy road.

3rd yol- i = his road.

In the Accusative, however, as we have also seen, there is another
Possessive Affix of the 3rd Person.

1st yer-im-ni = my land (acc.), or yol-um-ni = my road (acc.)
2nd yer-ing-ni = thy land (acc.) yol-ung-ni = thy road (acc.)

3rd yer- in = his land (acc). yol- un = his road (acc.)
as well as yer-i-ni , yol-i-ni.

It seems that this same Possessive Affix of the 3rd person was formerly

* used in all the oblique cases (not the accusative only). The following ex¬
pressions have been found in an old verse :—

Turkistan-ning yer An-da khdli imas erdn-lar .

Mar bir qulach yer-in-da ydtur mardan erdn-lar .

“ In the land of Turkistan there is no lack of heroes.

In every fathom of its soil there lie heroic men.”

Thus in old Turki the Possessive Affixes (at least for the oblique
cases) ran thus :—

1st -’m

* 2nd-’ng

3rd -’n

a usage not yet quite obsolete in Eastern Turkistan and which seems to have
been generally retained in the more Western dialects.

CHAPTER IY.

THE ADJECTIVE.

The Turki Adjective does not change at all, either for the different
* cases or for gender or number.

Further details regarding it will be found under the heads of “ For¬
mation” and “ Syntax.”

The Comparative of Adjectives (and Adverbs) is obtained by adding
the affix rak , rdq or rdk :

Ex. : obddn = good > obddn-rak = better .

The Superlative is generally formed by inserting the object of
comparison (or at least the word harmh, = “ all”) in the genitive and put¬
ting the adjective* into the possessed form (3rd person).

* This adjective thus becomes for the nonce a substantive: “the best” * “the
one who is best.”

t 24 ]

Ex.: Muhammad-ning din-i hamah din-lar-ning ulugh-i = Muhammad’s
Faith (is) the great (est) of all Faiths.

Bu hamah-si-ning chung-i = (lit.) “ This (is) the big(gest) of all of
them;” or as we should say: “ This is the biggest.”

Hamah at-lar-ning yakhshi-si alip-kel = (lit.) “ Bring the best of all
the horses, i. e. “ Bring the best horse.”

The Diminutive is formed by the affix ghana (both the gh and the
first a being subject to Phonetic variation.)

Ex.: kichik-kina = tiny little.

khush-ghana ,= rather happy.

THE PRONOUN.

The Personal Pronouns are, in the Singular : man = I, son (or sen)
= thou, ul = he, she or it ; and in the Plural: biz (or bizlar) = we, siz
(or sizlar) = you, ular (for ul-lar) = they.

N. B .—As, in polite conversation, the forms biz and siz are often used
with reference to a single person (fike our word you), the other forms
bizlar, sizlar are employed, when there might be a doubt, to denote
plurality.

These pronouns receive the affixes of the different cases exactly in the
same way as substantives do [Substs. Sec. A]

Ex. : Nom. man ... . . I

Gen. man-ning or maning .of me

Dat. man-ga . to me

Acc. man-ni or mani .me

Loc. man-da .in me

Abl. man-din . from me, &c., and the others in like manner.

However, the 3rd Person Singular changes the l into an n before the
Gen., Dat. and Loc. affixes, and before the Abl. affix din, viz., un-ning
or uning, un-ga, wn-ni or uni, un-da, un-din (instead of ul-ning, ul-ga,
&c.). Before birla and some other post-positions, it takes the Gen. form
viz., uning birla = “ with him (in the unity of him).”*

In the oblique cases an is often used for un ; as aning instead of uning .

The Possessive Pronouns are simply the Personal Pronouns with
the genitive affix, viz.—

Maning = my ; saning = thy; uning or aning = his or her; biz-ning
or biz-lar-ning = our; siz-ning or siz-lar-ning = your ; ular-ning
— their.

* In speaking of persons, the genitive of this pronoun is generally used before any
of the post-positions, e. g., uning-ga = to him (instead of un-ga) ; uning-din for un-din
[not with the Acc. post-pos. however]. Compare VambSry’s “ Uigurische Sprach-monu-
mente,” p. 35, where a similar rule is mentioned as prevailing in the ancient tongue of
TJigurs. The same also sometimes takes place with man and san (I and thou).

t 25 ]

We have already seen (Subst., See. a ) that there is a set of possessive
terminations or affixes of each person applicable to nouns. These possessive
terminations are not generally of themselves sufficient to take the place
of the ordinary possessive pronoun (or noun in the genitive). These also are
frequently used and come before the noun, as in the following Table:

Possessive

Pronoun. Noun Termination.

my =s morning .

thy = earning . 9 ng

his, her or its = uning or aning (or- *ning) . i or si

our ss biz-ning . 9 mix

your = siz-ning . 9 ngiz or nglar.

their = ular-ning (or- Har-ning) . i or si

Ex.: maning dt-im ; saning ger-ing ; tagh-ning yoUi ; biz-ningiii-miz;
me of horse my thee of place thy mountain of road its usof house our
siz-ning qiz-ingiz ; ular-ning ydrt-i.
you of daughter your them of country their.

As before, the post-positions of the various cases may be affixed to these
compounds as may be necessary.

Ex.: maning dt-lar-im-din = from my horses,
me of horses my from

Demon steatite Pronouns : ul or u = that there (or he); shut, or
shu = that here ; bul or bu = this ; shu-bu or ush-bu = this very, Ac.
These, when used before a substantive, are indeclinable, as adjectives. But
when used alone, they receive the usual affixes of case and number, like a
Noun or a Personal Pronoun.

In the oblique cases of the Singular, the l of ul, shul and bul changes
into an n (which vanishes before another n); while the b of bul becomes
m in those cases.

Singular. Plural.

Ex. : Nom. shul or shu bul or bu Nom. shu-lar bu-lar

Gen. shu*-ning mu’-ning Gen. shu-lar-ning bu-lar-ning

Dat. shun-ga mun-ga Dat. shu-lar- ga bu-lar-ga

Acc. ehu'-ni mu 9 -ni Acc. shu-lar-ni bu-lar-ni

Ac. Ac. Ac. Ac.

Adjectival Pronouns. Under this head may be classed the com¬
pounds formed by other Pronouns and the affixes dak , daq or dagh and
cha . The former of these is the same as the affix dik (in common use), and
implies “ likeness.” The second, cha , expresses “ amount” or “ extent.”

* This blank represents a noun.

4

I 26 ]

Exs. of the former: mun-dagh = this-like.

shun-dagh = that-like, such.

Exs. of the latter : mun-cha = this amount, this much.

8hun-ga-ch,a = to that amount, so much,
and combined : an-dagh-cha = to an amount similar to that.

Used as Adjectives, these are indeclinable ; but they are also sometimes
employed alone, in which case they take the usual post-positions. [They
are also employed as Adverbs.]

The particle hi or gi is used almost as a Pronoun. It answers to the
Hindustani “ walla.” Thus maning-hi — mine, Bddshah-ning-hi = the
King’s. It therefore takes the place of some noun which is understood
between the speakers. It receives the usual post-positions ; for instance,
if a horse is in question, one may say “ Kim-ning-xx-ga mindi ” = whose
did he ride ? “ maning-Ki-ni urdi ” = he struck mine. The English word
“ one” most nearly expresses it : “ the one belonging to me,” &c. #

We shall see in the Syntax that this (or its parallel forms gi or ghi)
takes the place of a relative pronoun in subordinate sentences.

Interrogative Pronouns are him = who ?; ni = what ? The latter
with the addition of the interrogative affix mu or ma, makes ni-ma =
what ? ; with cha it makes ni-cha = how much ? ; with the Persian chand
it makes ni-ckand — how many ?

Again a number of these words are derived from an obsolete qai =
which. Thus, with the possessive affix, qai-si = which or who (of them) :
qai-daq = what like ?

Probably as corruptions of these have arisen the forms qm-dagh =
what like ? and qan-cha = how much ?

Several adverbs also are derived from ni and qai.

All these interrogative pronouns (excepting ni) take the usual affixes.

Ex.: qai-si- miz “ which of us”

nima-Ni ditti “ what said he ?”

# * *

Indefinite Pronouns are him-ersaf = some one; nim'-ersaf = some¬
thing, also ni-ersa\ = something ; ni-chand = a certain number ; hishi =
somebody, also used substantively for “ a person j” hama (p) and Kama-si
= all, or the whole (of it or them).

• This also is an old Uigur form. See VdmbSry’s “ Uigur., Sprach-monumente,”
p. 35.

t Perhaps compounded with irsa “ may he” [the Potential of irmalc]; thus kim-ersa
would be “who (ever it) may he,” ni-ersa “what (ever it) maybe.” See Kudatku
Bilik, Introd. hargiz him irsa . .qelmai-turur “ whosoever he may he.,.he does not make”
(‘ qui que ce soit...ne fait.*)

Reflective Pboitoi rs : oz = self, is used instead of the Demonstra¬
tive or Possessive Pronoun when this pronoun refers to the person or thing
which is the subject of the sentence [like the use of hhud in Persian, and
dp 9 apna in Hindustani] . The Reflective Pronoun is affected by the pos¬
sessive affix of each person, and by the post-positions, where necessary;
and if it is governed in the genitive by a noun, that noun takes the posses¬
sive affix of the same person:

Ex.: bz-om-ning dt-im = my own horse,
self my of horse my

oz-ongiz-ning ybrt-lar-ingiz-ga = to your own countries,
self your of country (pi.) your to

Sometimes the possessive termination and the genitive post-position
are omitted from the oz.

Ex.: oz iJchtiyar-im = my own choice, for oz-om-ning ikhtiyar-im.

When used merely like the word “ self” in English, it takes the pos¬
sessive terminations before the post-positions (if any) just like a noun.

Ex.: oz-bm = myself; oz-om-ning = of myself, bz-bm-ga = to my¬
self, &c.

oz-ong — thyself; oz-ong-ning = of thyself, oz-ong-ga == to thyself,
&c.

oz-i = himself ; bz-i-ning = of himself ; bz-i-ga = to himself, &c.

[Note .—The oz being thus treated exactly like a substantive, suggests
the possibility of its being merely a contraction of yuz = face ; viz. “ my
face” for “myself.”]

CHAPTER V.

THE V E E B.

All verbs in Turki, both primary and derivative ones, active or passive,
Ac., are conjugated on precisely the same model. One might cut out the
radical part of any verbal form, and substitute that of any other verb for
it, and, with the exception of trifling phonetic changes, the conjugational
frame-work would fit on to the new as well as it did on the original verb-
root.

The radical portion of the verb suffers no internal alteration whatever.
The conjugation is entirely effected by various affixes which convey the
necessary changes of application.

[ 28 ]

The foundation of the system is the verb-root , from which are formed,
by addition, several verbal adjectives and substantives which take the place
of participles, and refer to the various times or modes in which action can
take place.

We will take as an example the verb signifying “ to do,” of which the
root is QEL.

Simple Root : qel ; expresses the bare idea of doing.

Pbesent Participle : qel a ; answers to our own Pres. Part. “ doing”
[where the root ends in a vowel this Participle adds an i : as ishla, ishlaX
oqtj, oquX.]

Participle op continuance : QELar or qelut. (See p. 59, note f.)
This Participle seems to indicate a continuance or non-completion in the
action of the verb, and is used, as will be seen, for all tenses requiring such
a meaning.

Perfect Participle : qel ip ; here the vowel of the affix varies
phonetically in different verbs, and the general expression for the Perf.
Part, affix would be 'p, the apostrophe being replaced by the proper vowel
in each case (see “ Phon Var. of Vowels”). This Participle implies the
completion of the action.

Indefinite Participle : <$ELghan [The gh changes in different verbs
into q , k or g. See “ Phon. Var. of Consonants”.] This Participle may
properly be called Indefinite, both because it refers to no particular time for
the action, and also because its application is not confined to either agent
or object. In fact it may mean either the “ person doing” (the doer), or
the u act of doing,” or the “ thing done.”

Potential Participle : qel sa “ potential doing.” [The vowel does
not alter, but is always a.]

Future Participle: qel ghu. [The gh changes as above.] This
Participle only survives in composition with certain affixes whioh give rise to
forms in modem use, of which the syllable “ ghu” &c. supplies the future
element. Thus with “ dig” which implies probability, we get a

[Participle of Probability : QELghu-diq. This means “ likely to
do at a future moment.”

Participle of Fitness : Again, with the affix luq (liq ) implying
quality, we have QELghu-luq, which means “ possessed of a do-able quality,”
i. e. 9 “ fit or proper to do, or to be done.”]

These forms in themselves merely indicate a “ coming to pass” in a
general manner at the several times (or tenses) respectively, without con¬
nection expressed with any person or thing, either as subject or object.
Even in this naked form, however, some of them may be used in making
statements, where there cannot be much doubt about the application, espe¬
cially in the 3rd person.

But usually, to give life to these dead forms, we require the pronouns.
The addition of these at once suffices to convert a Participle* into a definite
statement of fact, while at the same time they connect it with determinate
subjects. Thus qela merely means “ doing”. But add the pronoun signify¬
ing “ I,” and you get the definite statement qela-man = I (am) doing.

The Personal Pronouns are used as affixes applied to such of the so
called Participles as are Verbal Adjectives , chiefly for the tenses denoting
present or future action. But the Possessive Pronominal Affixes (attached
to the Verbal Substantives) give either a past sense (since a completed
action is most essentially the property of the person who has done it) ;f
or else a sense either of Duty or of Intention , e. y., “ It is thine to do,” i. e. f
“ do thou,” or “ it is my (intention) to do,” i. e., “ I mean to do.”

To exemplify these formations we will first take two isolated tenses of
auxiliary verbs, the first of which is used in a present sense, and the other
in a past . These tenses will also be useful hereafter in the conjugation of
a complete verb.

ls£. Dub (or TURwr) is probably a part of the verb tub -maq, meaning
“ to stand;” the Indefinite Participle is dub ghan for Tunur-ghan. There is
also a form dub -mish.

[AT. B. —The form dur having, as it were, lost its independence, and
become a mere auxiliary, meaning hardly more than " is” (see AT. B. p. 38) 5
the original verb tur-mak (Pres, tura-man , &c.) is sometimes brought in as
a fresh auxiliary expressing “ permanence.”]

2nd. Ibd* (or id’) is the Past of a defective verb ib -mak, meaning
"to be,” of which the Indefinite Participle is ib kan or 1 kan, and the Po¬
tential Participle is iB*a or isa. It also possesses a form ib -mish or 1 mish.
The rest are absent, with the exception of a Continuative Participle ib ur
found in old books.

Pbesent Auxiliaby.

Here the simple Personal Pronoun is affixed for each person (except
the 3rd) :

S. 1. T)vn-man%= (lit.) I stand.

2 . Dub-saw = „ thou standest.

3. Dub = „ (he) stands.

• Or any other Adjective &c., (see p. 58).

+ Thus answering to the tenses formed with the auxiliary " to have” in modern
European languages.

X The presence of the pronoun as a termination of the verb does not prevent its
being used before the verb also, as the subject or nominative, e. g. y man dur-man = “I
stand” or “I am.”

[ 30 ]

PI. 1.

Dttb -miz*=* „

we stand

or Du TL-miz
form used
&c.)

(dignified
in Aksu,

2.

Dur-*m? = „

ye stand

Duk -siz.

3.

Dub -lar = „

(they) stnad

Dux -lar.

N. B.

It will be noticed that when the Pers. Pronouns are thus used

as Tense-endings the Pronouns of the 3rd pers. are omitted. In the Sin¬
gular the stem stands alone for the 3rd pers., and in the Plural, the mere
affix of Plurality is added.

Past Auxiliary

with the Possessive Pronominal affix of each person added :

1 2

1

2

1 .

Ird -im

= I was ... (or) past existence [is]

mine.

2.

Ir n-ing

= thou wert „

99

thine.

3.

iBD-t

= he was „

99

his.

1 .

iRD-fc&f

= we were „

99

ours.

2.

Ir n-ingiz

= ye were „

99

yours.

3.

iKD-ilar

= they were „

99

theirs.

[This word is pronounced idim, &c., dropping the r.]

There is another auxiliary verb bol -maq (root bol) = to become or
be. Its Continve. Participle is bolar or bolur, &c. Its Potential Participle
is, in regular form, bol*#. Also note a defective verb in the 3rd person
singular, viz., “ bar' 1 = there is.

We have thus as materials out of which to form the Verb-Conjuga¬
tion, on the one hand 7 Stem-elements (Root and Participles, see above),
and on the other 10 co-efficient elements:—

* Note that biz takes the form tniz when used as a verbal termination. This is
a beginning of the process by which the Osmanli personal tense-terminations have
become differentiated from their originals, the Personal Pronouns.

f This ’k is an abnormal form used instead of the possessive affix of the 1st person
plural 'miz. Now this is the only one of the six persons whose possessive affix cannot
easily be distinguished from its affixed Personal Pronoun ; and this probably led to the
substitution of another form for the former in the case of verbs, to avoid confusion in
the first person plural, between tenses ending with the Personal Pronoun and those
ending with the Possessive Pronoun.

1 . The Personal Pronouns man, Ac. 6. The Aox. Tense imish-man* Ac.

2. The Possessive Affixes, im, Ac. 7. The Aux. Tense durmish-man* Ac.

3. The Auxiliary Tense, dur-man, Ac, 8. The Aux. Tense ikan-man ,* Ac.

4. The Aux. Tense holar-man, Ac. 9. The Aux. Tense «V*a’w,t Ac.

5. The Aux. Tense id-im, Ac. 10. The Aux. Tense boha'm ,f Ac.

Out of these simple materials, by adding each of the latter set in suc¬
cession to each of the former (with certain omissions), almost the whole
conjugation of every verb (with its seeming intricacies) is formed, as we
shall now see.

* These are formed in the model of dur-ntan, &c., (with Pers. Pron.).
f These are formed in the model of id-im, &c., (with the Possessive Affixes).

t 32 ]

SCHEME OP THE TURKI

Tenses of the
Boot:

Qel

Tenses of the Pre¬
sent Participle :
Qelu

Tenses of the Contin- j

uattve Participle.

Qbl&t

1. With the Perso¬
nal Pronouns.

The Simple Present
Tense.

QELa-mon, &c., = I
do, &c.

The Future-Present

Tense.

QEL&r-ma*, &c., = I
am about doing, &c.

2. With the Posses¬
sive Affixes.

Imperative.
Q&L-ing (2nd person)
= do thou.

3. With the Auxili¬
ary dur-man.

Compound Future
Present Tense.
QBi&-dur-man, &c.=
1 am about doing.

4. With the Auxili¬
ary boldr-man •

6. With the Auxili¬
ary id-im.

Definite Past Tense.
QEL-*d-tf», &c., = I

did.

Habitual or Imperfect

Tense.

QEL&r-trf-tm, &c., = I
was doing (used to do).

6. With the Auxili¬
ary imish-man.

Hearsay Present
Tense.

QELa-tmtM-matt, &c.,
= I am understood
to do.

Hearsay Future-Present

Tense.

Qel&t- i mish-man, &c.,

= I am understood
to be about doing.

7. With the Auxili¬
ary dur-mish -
man.

Hearsay Compound
Present Tense.
QEiA-durmish-man,
= lam understood
to be doing.

8. With the Auxili¬
ary ikan-man.

Future-Present Indefi¬
nite Tense.

QbELkr-ikan-man, &c., =

I may be about do¬
ing.

9. With the Auxili¬
ary irsa*m.

Future-Present Poten¬
tial.

QEL&r-«>«a’m, &c., = I
might be about doing.

10. With the Auxi¬
liary bolsa'm .

[ 83 ]

VERB CONJUGATION.

Tenses op the Per¬
fect Participle :
Qsiip

Tenses op the Inde¬
finite Participle:
QBLghan

Tenses op the Po¬
tential Participle :
QELsa

Tenses op the Future
Participle :
QELghu
fQBLghu-diq).
(QELghu-luq).

The Perfect Tense .
QELip-ma», &c., *=

I have done, &c.

Ths 1st Indefinite
Past Tense.
QELghan-waw, &c., **
I have done, &c.

Probable Future Tense .
QELghu-diq-maf!,&c., =*
I am likely to do, &c.

i

The 2nd Indefinite
Past.

QELghan-tm-ddr, &c.,
« I have done, &c.

The Present Potential.
QELsa-’m, &c., = I
may do.

The Intentional Future .
QELghu-* m dur, &c., =*
I intend to do.

Compound Perfect
Tense.

Osup-dur-man, &c.,
= I have done, &c.

Presumptive Past
Tense.

QELghan-dur-imm,
&c., = I must
have dene, &c.

Compound Probable
Future Tense.
QELghu-diq-dttr-man «
I am likely to do.

Future Perfect Tense.
QRiAp-bolar-man, &c.
= I shall have
done.

Pluperfect Tense.
QAAip-id-im, &c., =
I had done.

Indefinite Pluperfect
Tense.

QELghan-ttf-im, &c.,
= I had done.

1 st Past Potential.
QELsa-tW-tm, &c., =
I might have done.

Preterite Future Tense.
Q,ELghu-luq-ttf-t'm, &c.,
= I was to do or he
done.

Hearsay Perfect
Tense.

QELip-imish-man f &c.
= I am understood
to have done.

Hearsay Past Tense.
QELghan-t#ii«A-ma»
= I am understood
to have done.

Hearsay Compound
Perfect Tense.
QEiAp-durmish-man
= 1 am understood
to have done.

Presumptive Perfect
Tense.

Q&lAp-ikan-man, &c.,
= I must have
done.

Presumptive Indefinite
Past Tense.
QELghan-t£att-#}<z»,
&c , = I must have
done.

Future of Necessity.
QELghu-luq-tfow-tfww
= I am to do.

t

Indefinite Past Poten -
- tial.

QELghan-6ofea*m,&c.,
“Imay have done.”

Future Potential.
QELghu-diq-foko’m, a
I may be likely to do.

5

[ 34 ]

N. B.—In the preceding Scheme the stem-e lements occupy each its
own vertisal column, while the co-efficient elements run across the sheet,
each in its own horizontal line. Only the 1st persons of the Tenses are
given to save space.

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE

TURKI YERB CONJUGATION.

Extra Tenses of the Boot .

Complex Tenses .

Optative or Future. (a) 2nd Past Potential, i

(defective .) Qel sa'm-idi &c., I might have

S. 1. Qel-<m = let me do, or done, &c.

I will do. 1

3. Qe^lsuh = let him do.

P. 1. Qel -ali or aliq = let us

do or we will do. (b) 3rd Past Potential.

3. QEL-sun-lar = let them QEL-d-im-irsa, &c., = I may i
do (< qelsilla ). have done, &c.

Optative or Future.
(complete.)

1. Qet,- ghai-man, &c. =
I will do or let me
do, &c.

(c) 3rd Past Indefinite.
Qeij - 1 d-im-ikan, &c., = I may
have done.

(d) Compound Future —
Present Indefinite.
QELa -dur-ikan-man, &c., = I
may he doing, or about
doing.

(e) Future Present Pre¬
terite.

QEL&-dur-id-im, &c., = I was
about doing.

(/) Continuative Pluper¬
fect.

QRiAp-dttr-id-im, &c., =Ihad
been doing.

Verbal Expressions .

have to do, &c.

(b) QELm&q-tfAi bol-dum, &c.,
= I have agreed to
do, &c.

&c., = I have deter¬
mined to do, &c.

(d) QELa- durghan-idim = I

(e) Q$LB.-durghan-dur-man
&c., = I am about
doing.

= I should do, &c.

I should have done.

(A). QELsa’m Jcirak, &c., = I
must do.

(*) OlELigh-liq-man , &c., =

I am in a doing or
done state.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB,

with ANALYSIS.

I. Personal Pronouns—

First applying the Personal Pronouns to each of the Participles in
turn, we get:

(a) with Present Participle—

The Simple Present Tense.

1. qEJja-man = I do. 1. QELa-miz = we do.

2. QELasan = thou doest. 2. qELa-siz = ye do.

3. (Caret, see Comp. Pr. Tense.) 3. (Caret, see Comp. Tense.)

♦This is a Simple Present Tense;

( b ) with Continuatiye Participle—

QELar-man or QELur-man = ( lit ). I (am) continuously doing.

This refers obviously both to the present moment and also to
those immediately before and after it. In practice it has obtained special
reference to the latter, like our English “ I am going to do,” and this Tense
may therefore be called the Future Present :

1. QELdr-man or QEiAr-man “ I am doing” or “ about doing.”

2. QELar-san “ thou art doing” or “ about doing.”

3. qe Lar “ he is doing” or “ about doing.”

1. QEiidr-miz “ we are doing” or “ about doing.”

2. QELdr-siz " ye are doing” or “ about doing.”

3. QELdr-lar “ they are doing” or “ about doing.”

(c) with Perfect Participle—

The Perfect Tense.

• 1. QELtp-man “ I have done” ; ( lit .) “ I (have) completely done.”

2. QELzjp-san “ thou hast done.”

3. (Caret, see Compound Perfect Tense.)f

1. QEL^p-miz “we have done.”

2. QEL^-siz " ye ha7e done.”

3. (Caret, see Compound Perfect Tense.)f

Here there is no doubt about what the meaning must be. The tense
is therefore a simple Perfect ;

( d .) with Indefinite Participle—

* The 3rd pers. S. and PI. being wanting here, the corresponding persons of the
Compound Present Tense are made to supply their place.

f The 3rd persons of the Compound Perfect Tense supply the place of the la eking
ones in this Tense.

[ 36 ]

QVLgkan-man, & c., (lit.) “ I (was at some time or other) a doer.”
This is simply a general statement, and would be used in answer to the
question : “ Have you ever done so and so ?” It would not he used to
specify any particular action. It may he called

The 1st Indefinite Past Tfnse.

1 . QELy^an-man “ I have done.”

2 . QELyA<m-san “ thou hast done.”

8 . QEighan “ he has done.”

1 . QELyAaw-miz “ we have done.”

2 . QEi^Aaw-siz “ ye have done.”

8 . QELyAa»-lar “ they have done,”

( e.) with the Paeticiple of Peobabilitt—

The Peobable Ftjtfee Tense.

1. qEi^hu-daq-msm or QELghu-diq-man* “I am likely to do.”

2 . qEi^hu-daq-san “ thou art likely to do.”

8 . (Caret, see Compound Probable Future Tense.)

1. QELghu-daq-miz “ we are likely to do.”

2. QELghu-daq-siz “ ye are likely to do.”

3. (Caret, see Compound Tense.)

IT. Having thus applied the Personal Pronouns all round, we proceed to
do the same with Possessive Affixes, whose vowels (1st and 2nd Persons)
vary phonetically according to the prevailing vowel of the root, as in the
case of substantives.

Possessive Affixes—

(a) with the Root —

qel -ing = doing (is) thine=it is thy business to do; QEL-ing-lar
= doing (is) yours, it is your business to do. This is therefore simply an
Imperative , viz., “ do thou” and “ do ye.” In this sense of course the 1st
and 3rd Persons are not used. There is another Imperative form qel -ghil
or qel -ghin ; and, as in most languages, also a forcible Imperative, being
the shortest possible form of the verb, viz., the Root: qel = do.

The Impebative.

✓ qel “do.”

2 nd S \ QEL ~ ing “ do thou ”

I qel -ghil do.

^ QEL-y^m do.

2nd PL | QEL '* n ? iz “ do J®-”

* ( QEL-inglar do.

(b.) with the Indefinite Paeticiple (and the auxiliary 1 bar) :

* The 3rd pers. of the Compound Tense supply the lacking ones of this.

[ 37 ]

The 2nd Indefinite Past Tense.

1 . QELyAan-im bar “ I have done.”

2 . QELyfom-ing bar “ thou hast done.”

3. QELghan-i bar “ he had done.”

1 . QELyA/m-imiz bar “ we have done.”

2 . QELyAow-ingiz bar “ ye have done.”

3. QELyA*m-ilar bar “ they have done.”

Bearing in mind that the Indefinite Participle gelghan has among other
meanings, that of “ the action of doing,” we can see very plainly the

1 2 3

origin and intention of this formation. For ‘ .qelgJian-im-bdr y must mean
2 13

literally : “ My action of doing exists” ; and it can be said to exist

as the property of the doer by having been done by him. Hence the
statement is equivalent to saying: “ I have done.”* But all the circum¬
stances connected with the doing remain vague. The utmost that is predi¬
cated is that the action has not been omitted. Here it is to be noted
that the possessive affix im changes for the several persons of the Tense
while the auxiliary bar remains throughout in the 3rd pers. The reason
is obvious on inspection. The Tense is merely a sentence, of which bar
is the verb, while the subject takes successively the possessive form of the
several persons. Thus the tense is literally a sentence with a varying
subject. “ My doing is,” “ thy doing is,” “ hi» doing is” &c.

This forms a 2nd Indefinite Past Tense.

(c). with the Potential Participle :

This would mean “the power of doing (is) mine,” i. e., “I may,”
or “ might, do.” It is also used in relating a story sometimes, as an
Historic tense : P. g., kelsam, heck Jcishi yog idi— u (when) I came there
was nobody (there).” The poss. terminations of the 3rd pers. are omitted.
In the Singular the stem stands alone ; and in the Plural, the mere affix of
Plurality is added.

The Pbesent Potential.

1 . QELsa-’m “ I may do.”

2. QEL#a-*ng “ thou mayest do.”

3. qel «0 “ he may do.”

1 . QEL$fl’q “ we may do.”

2. QELttz-’ngiz “ ye may do.”

3. QEL&z-lar “ they may do.”

( d .) with the Future Participle :

* As the form- im-bar means “ there is of mine” or “ I have” (see page

80, § 13) the above tense is absolutely identical with the English “ I have done,” which
expression is also to be accounted for in the same manner (as above).

[ 38 ']

QELghu-m-dur (or bar ) &c. This is of course, literally, “my fu¬
ture doing exists (stands)” (for qelghu, it will be remembered is the Future
Participle) ; and as one may be said to make a future action one’s own by
intending it, this comes to mean : “ I intend to do.” [See latter remarks
on (b).~\ This may be called

The Intentional Futube Tense.

1. QELghu-m-dur or bar “ I intend to do.”

2. QELghu-’ng-dur “ thou intendest to do.”

3. qELghu-$i-dur “he intend to do.”

1. qpLghu-m\z-dur “ we intend to do.”

2 . QELyAw-’ngiz- dur “ ye intend to do.”

3 . qwLghu-s\-\sx-dur “ they intend to do.”

Having exhausted the usual combinations of the simple pronominal
affixes with the several participial elements of the Yerb, and formed thereby
nine Tenses, viz., a Simple Present, a Future Present , a Probable Future ,
a Perfect, an Imperative , two Indefinite Pasts, a Present Potential and an
Intentional Futwre ; we now have recourse to the auxiliaries.

III. AUXILIABY : DUB -

First, the Present Auxiliary dur.

[N. B .—This is perhaps a contraction from the verb Tvnmaq “ to
stand,” which would make its Continuative Participle tub ur and its Future-
Present Tvnur-man, which may have become shortened into tb ur-man, and
then made into dur-man. What gives colour to this supposition is that
tub ur-man has been found employed as an auxiliary in the place usually
filled by dur-man. And this auxiliary must be a Future Present, for the
form of a Simple Present would be dura-man, and not dur-man. ~\

Be this as it may, the auxiliary dur is used in a sense implying “ to
stand” or “be in a condition...” like the Italian “ sta bene,” “ sta male”
(“ he stands well,” &c., for “ he is well.”) In some connections (as with
the Indef. Participle &c.) it implies merely probability or presumption
(and thus Futurity), in which sense it may be compared with our “ I stand
to win” (see qelghan-dur-man, bar-durman Sfc.). Thus we have :

(a.) with Pbesent Pabticiple —

qel a-diMr-man,* &c. = I stand doing or to do, I am in the con¬
dition of doing; or, as we should express it, “ I am doing,” or “ about
doing.”

The Compound Futube Pbesent Tense.

1. QEL0-dur-man “ I am about doing.”

2. QEL^-dur-san “ thou art about doing.”

3. QELa-dur “he is about doing.”

* Pronounced in Ydrkand and Kashghar “ QEia-dcwww,” “— dosan,” “— do,” &c^ .
and in Khotan “— toman” &c.

1. QELfl-dur-miz “ we are about doing.”

2. QELo-dur-siz “ ye are about doing.”

3. QELa-dur-lar “ they are about doing.”

This therefore is a Compound Future Present; (see remarks on qel&r-
man).

with the Perfect Participle —

(b .) QELip-dur-man,* &c., = “I am in the condition of completely
having done” ; or, “ I have done.”

This is

The Compound Perfect Tense.

1. QEL»p-dur-man “ I have done.”

2. QEL^-dur-san “ thou hast done.”

3. QEL?*p-dur “ he has done.”

1. QEL^p-dur-miz “ we have done.”

2. QELzp-dur-siz “ ye have done.”

3. QELzp-dur-lar “ they have done.”

(c) with the Indefinite Participle—

qe Jjghan-dur-man, &c. # = “ I am in the condition of being in¬
definitely the doer.” (For the Indefinite Participle has the meaning of
“ the doer” amongst others, and this is the only one here applicable.) This
combination might be rendered “ I stand as or for, the doer,” and is used
in the sense of “ I must have done,” or “ I have probably done.” See
remarks under dur. It may be called

The Presumptive Past Tense.

1. QELy&m-dur-man “ I must have done.”

2. QELy^tffl-dur-san “ thou must have done.”

3. QELyA*w-dur “ he must have done.”

1. QELyAafl-dur-miz “ we must have done.”

2. QELyfow-dur-siz “ ye must have done.”

3. QELyfom-dur-lar “ they must have done.”

(d.) with the Participle of Probabilitt —

The Compound Probable Future Tense.

1. QELy^-J^-dur-man “lam (or stand) likely to do.”

2. QELqku-dtq-dur-san “ thou art likely to do.”

3. QELqhu-diq-dur “ he is likely to do.

1. QELghu-diq- dur-miz “ we are likely to do.”

2. Q'ELghu-diq-dur-siz “ ye are likely to do.”

3. QELghu-diq-dw-l&r “ they are likely to do.”

* Pronounced in Y&rkand and K&shghar “ qbl«p-” and “ QELghan-tfoman,’*
il — dosan” “— do” &c., and in Khotan “—toman” &c.

[ 40 ]

IV. The auxiliary verb boUmdq in the Future-Present Tense when
applied to the Past Participle of a Verb also gives a Tense :

(a) qel -ip bolar-man, or bolur-man & c. = “ I shall have done,” lit.
“ I shall be or become (in the condition of) having done.”

This is the Future Perfect Tense.

V. Next we take the Past Auxiliary irdi or idi, and apply it to the
several radical elements.

Auxiliary : idi
(a) with the Root —

qel- idim contracted to qel- 9 dim. (The d and the i change accord¬
ing to the Rules of Phonetic Variation.)

[-V. B .—But it is possible that we ought rather to consider this tense
as formed directly in each verb by the addition of a d ; as ir-d-im itself
was formed from the root of irmak and the Possessive Affix, &c. But if
so, we can still trace this form no further back, beyond knowing that the
d must confer a kind of substantival meaning* to allow of the application
of a Possessive affix, by which combination a Past sense is acquired (see

123 3
explanation of qelghan-im.) In this case qel-d-im would be literally “ my
2 1

action of doing (exists),” and thus, “ I have done.”]

At any rate the form qel-dim , &c., is used in the sense of “ I did,” &c.,
in relating particular occurrences. It may be called

The Definite Past Tense.

1. QEL-d-im “ I did”

2. QEL-d-ing “ thou didst”

3. QEL-d-i “he did”

1. QEL-d-iq “ we did”

2. QEL-d-ingiz “ ye did”

3. QFL-d-ilar “ they did”

(6.) with the Pabticiple of Continuance—

QELar-idim or 9 dim, or qel wr-idim = I was continuously doing.
This may be used of an Habitual action, “ I used to do,” but more usually
it applies only to a particular Past time, and predicates the incompletion
of the action at that time. In other words it is our Imperfect “ I was
doing.”

By dropping the final r and the initial i, and hardening the d (to
avoid confusion with other tenses), the Yarkandis get qelattim , which
is the word in vulgar use instead of qeldr-idim.

* See Max Muller’s “ Science of Language,” Lecture VIII, p. 346 (Fifth Ed.).

*

[ 41 ]

The Imperfect or Habitual Tense.

1. QELar-id-im ( qelattim ) “ I was doing” or “ used to do”

2. QELdr-id-ing ( qelatting ) “ thou wert doing”

3. QELdr-id-i ( qelatti ) “ he was doing.”

1. QELdr-id-ik (qelattiq) “we were doing.”

2. QELdr-id-ingiz {qelatting iz') “ ye were doing.”

3. QELar-id-ilar ( qelattilar > “they were doing.”

( c .) with the Perfect Participle—

qel ip-id-im, (Ydrkand pronunciation qeliptim,) & c., = I was (in
the position of) having completely done; i. e. y I had done.

The Pluperfect Tense.

1. QELip-id-im “ I had done.”

or-tim

2. QELtp-id-ing “ thou hadst done.”

-ting

3. QEL*p-id-i “ he has done.”

-ti

1. QEL^jp-id-ik “ we had done.”

-tiq

2. QELip-id-ingiz “ ye had done.”

-tingiz

3. QELzp-id-ilar “ they had done.”

-tilar

This therefore is a Pluperfect. It would refer to a special act, while
the next Tense would be employed in a more general sense.

E. g . “ I had read his letter just before he arrived” would be ren¬

dered by .... oqu'p-idim ; but “ I had read Ttirki before ever I went to
Turkist&n” would be rendered by .... oqu-ghan-idim,

(d.) with the Indefinite Participle —

QELghan-id-im, &c., = I was (in the position of) being a past
doer, {viz. a person who had done). This throws back the doing before the
time referred to, but that doing is itself indefinite. Such a shade of mean¬
ing has no exactly corresponding expression in English, but roughly it may
also be translated: “ I had done,” or “ I had been doing” and the Tense

may be called

The Indefinite Pluperfect.

1. QELy^an-id-im “ I had done.”

2. QELyAoft-id-ing “ thou hadst done.”

3. QELy&w-id-i “ he had done.”

1. QELyfom-id-ik “ we had done.”

2. QELyfowi-id-ingiz “ ye had done.”

3. QELyfom-id-ilar “ they had done.”

(e). with the Potential Participle —

6

[ 42 ]

QELsa-id-im, &c. This would be “the power of doing was mine,*’
t. e. t “ I might have done” or (with agar, " if”) “ had I done.” This is

The 1st Past Potential.

1. QELsa-id-im “ I might have done.”

2. QEL^-id-ing “ thou mightest have done.”

3. QEL«a-id-i “ he might have done.”

1. QELsa-id-ik “ we might have done.”

2. QELsa-id-ingiz “ ye might have done.”

3. QELsa-id-ilar “ they might have done.”

(/.) with the Futube Pabticiple of Fitness—

qEL-ghu-lug id-im , &c. Qelghu-luq meaning “ fit to do,” this tense
may be translated : “ I was fit to do,” or “ I was to do.” It is

The Pbetebite Futube Tense.

1 . QELghu- lug -id-im “ I was to do” or “ be done.”

2. Qm*ghu-luq-id-mg “ thou wert to do” or “ be done.”

3. qELghu-luq-\d-\ " he was to do” or “ be done.”

1. QFLghu-luq-id-\k “ we were to do” or “ be done.”

2. QELyAtf-Zt^-id-ingiz “ ye were to do” or “ be done.”

3. QELghu-luq-id-ilzr “ they were to do” or “ be done.”

Sometimes the auxiliaries dur and idi are accumulated one on the top

of the other : e. g. qela-dur-idim ( = I was about doing), and qelip-dur-
idim ( == I was in a continuous condition of having done, or, I had been
doing).

Before leaving the Auxiliary idim we must take notice of the Tenses
formed with its derivatory form “ irmish” or “ imish ,” and its Indefinite Par¬
ticiple ikon, which, when affixed to certain parts of the Verb and conjuga¬
ted by affixed Pronouns, reduces their statements to mere probabilities, or
makes them conditional.

YI. To express probability, or facts not positively known to the speaker
(English “ It is understood or believed that,” &c.,), there is a whole series
of tenses in * mish .

The Atjxiliabt (imish) makes

(a), with the Pbesent Pabticiple —

The Heabsat Pbesent Tense.

1. QELa-imish-man “lam understood to do.”

2. QELfl-imish-san “ thou art understood to do.”

3. QELa-imish “ he is understood to do.”

1. QELa-imish-miz “ we are understood to do.”

2. QELtf-imish-siz “ ye are understood to do.”

3. QELa-imish-lar “ they are understood to do.”

(A) with the Contintjative Pabticiple—

[ 43 ]

The Heabsat Futube-Pbesent Tense.

1. QELar-imish-man “ I am understood to be about doing. 1 *

2. QEiAr-imish-san “ thou art understood to be about doing.”

3. QELar-imisb “ he is understood to be about doing,” &c.
with the Pebfect Pabticiple—

The Heabsat Pebfect Tense.

1. QELzp-imish ( or y mish) -man u I am understood to have done.”

2. QELip-imish-san “ thou art understood to have done.”

3. QELjjp-imish “ he is understood to have done,” &c.
with the Indefinite Pabticiple—

The Heabsat Past Tense.

1. QELy^aw-imish-man “ I am understood to have done (at some

time or other).”

2. QEL^/mw-imish-san “ thou art understood to have done.”

3. QELyA<m-imish M he is understood to have done,” &c.

VII. The auxiliary dur has a similar form ;

The Auxiliabt (dubmish) makes

( a .) with the Pbesent Pabticiple—

The Heabsat Compound Pbesent Tense.

1. QELa-durmish-man* “ I am understood to be doing (continuously

understood to do.)”

2. QELa-durmish-san “ thou art understood to be doing.”

3. QELa-durmish “ he is understood to be doing” &c.

(b ). with the Pebfect Pabticiple—

The Heabsat Compound Pebfect Tense.

1. QEL^p-durmish-man :t I am (continuously) understood to have

done.”

2. QEL/p-durmish-san “ thou art understood to have done.”

3. QELip-durmish “ he is understood to have done” &c.

It must be understood that although the first person of these tenses
is given for the form’s sake, yet it is of rare occurrence, the 2nd and 3rd
persons being more often used ; for a man is generally not in much uncer¬
tainty about facts connected with himself, and does not depend on hearsay
for information regarding them.

VIII. We next have the Auxiliary Indefinite Participle iJcan or iTcin.

* Example from the “ Tazlriratu-’l-BughraBut-kh&na-ni ita-durmish —“ He is
building an idol-temple [I believe,]” or “ He is understood to be building..,,, ”

(c.)

<y).

[ 44 ]

Auxiliary Indefinite Participle “ ikan” makes
( a .) with the Future-Present—

qELar-ikan-man. .This is used in asking a question, or in making
a statement qualified by “ if” or “ when”.

[AT. B .—This Tense and the 3 following are as it were, supererogatory,
for the " ikan 7 * might be omitted without making much difference in the
sense. There is just the difference between the English : “ What may you
be doing P” and “ What are you doing ?”]

The above may therefore be translated : 11 1 may be doing or about
doing,” and the tense may be called

The Future Present Indefinite Tense.

1. QELar-ikan-man “ I may be about doing.”

2. QELar-ikan-san “ thou mayest be about doing.”

3. QELar-ikan “ he may be about doing” &c.

(5.) with the Perfect —

Qj&hip-ikan-man, &c. Here the introduction of the Participle ikan,
reduces the positive affirmation of the Perfect into a mere presump¬
tion or rumour. The above compound word may be translated : “ I may
or must have done” or “ completed doing.” We may call it

The Presumptive Perfect Tense.

1. QELep-ikan-man “ I may or must have done.”

2. QEL*j?-ikan-san “ thou mayest or must have done.”

3. QELzp-ikan “ he may or must have done” &c.

(<?.) with the Indefinite Participle—

QELghan-ikan-man, &c. This is similar to the last with the difference
of the indefiniteness inherent in the Participle qelghan . The meaning
is “ I may or must (at some time or other) have done,” and we may call
it

The Presumptive Indefinite Past Tense.

1. QELyfom-ikan-man “ I may or must have done.”

2. QELyAflft-ikan-san “ thou mayest or must have done.”

3. QELyfow&-ikan “ he may or must have done,” &c. #

(< d .) with the Future Participle of Fitness —
qel gliu-luq-ikan-man, &c. The Participle qelghu-luq means,

be remembered, “fit or proper to do.” The verbal expression
from it takes in the Present the indefinite auxiliary form in ikan .
means “ I am to do,” &c.

* Example from the “ Tazkiratu-’l-Bughra P&dsh&h ni-chand bala-lar-ni kaba-
da alip-lcelghan ikan-lar . “ The king [it is said ] had brought several children in bags.”

(Le roi aurait apporte. Fr. —Er soli gebracht haben. Germ.).

as will
derived
It thus

[ 45 ]

The Futube of Necessity.

1. QEi^An-Z^-ikan-man “I am to do” or “ ought to do” or

“ be done.”

2. QELghu- Zu^-ikan-san “ thou art to do,” &c.

3. QEL^Aw-Zw^-ikan “ he is to do” &c.

The Auxiliaries in the Potential form give us fresh Tenses. Thus
ir-mak in the Potential is irsa , and we may .take

IX. The Potential Auxiliaby ‘ ib-sa’

(a.) with the Continuatiye Pabticiple —

QEiar-irsa-’m, &c. [(lit.) the possibility of continuous doing may
be mine.] This would evidently mean “ I may he (continuously) doing”
or “ about doing.” But the form qelsa'm is more commonly used.

This Tense may be called

The Futube-Pbesent Potential.

1. QELar-irsa’m “ I might be about doing.”

2. QELdr-irsa-’ng “ thou mightest be about doing.”

3. QELdr-irsa “ he might be about doing” &c.

X. The Potential Auxiliaby 1 bol-sa* makes

( a .) with the Indefinite Pabticiple—

QELghan-bolsa'm, &c. Literally, “the action of doing may become
mine,” i. e., “I may have done” [see explanation of qel-ghan-im bar\ %
This may be called

The Indefinite Past Potential.

1. QELyfom-bolsa-’m “ I may have done.”

2. QELyfom-bolsa-’ng “ thou mayest have done.”

3. QELy^m-bolsa “ he may have done” &c.

(5.) with the Futube Pabticiple ofc Pbobability—

qel ghu-dig bol-sa'm , &c. Literally “ the probability of future doing
may become mine,” i. e., “ I may be likely to do.” This is

The Futube Potential.

1. QELghu-dig -bolsa-’m “ I may be likely to do.”

2. QELyAw-i^-bolsa-’ng “ thou mayest he likely to do.”

3. QELyAtf-e^-bolsa “ he may be likely to do” &c.

This completes that part of the Turki Verb Conjugation which is
effected simply by the apposition of the 10 co-efficient elements respective¬
ly to the several stem-elements. But there is also a set of Tenses formed
from the Boot by means of some special co-efficients which are not applica¬
ble to any of the other stem-elements (the Participles). Some of these
Tenses are defective. They are:

[ 46 ]

(«.) An Optative for the 3rd Person, which seems to be connected
in a certain measure with the Potential form. This is QEL-stm*=let him
do ; and in the Plural qel sun-lar [pronounced in Eastern Turkistan :
qELsilla] =let them do. This latter is used as a polite form of address
to an equal or superior [conf. the German ‘ thuen sie.”]

(b.) There is another Optative defective Tense with only the 1st
Persons Sing, and Plur in -ai, and -ali or - aliq (aliJc). Together we get:

, (b.) 1. Qel-#£ “ I will do” or “ let me do.”

(a.) 3. Qel -sun “ let him do.”

(5.) 1. Qel-aZZ or qe L-aliq “ we will do” or “ let us do.”

(a.) 3. Qel sun-lar (« qelsilla) “ let them do” or “ be they (you)

pleased to do.”

( c .) The tense formed by affixing the syllable “ ghai” (whose gut¬
tural varies Phonetically) to the root of the verb, has a similar meaning
but is complete in all its persons :

The Root

with the Affix ghai : QEL-yAa£-man,f=I will do, or let me do. This may
be called

The Optative Futtjbe.

1. QEL-yW-man “ I will do” or “ let me do.”

2. QEL-yfow-san " thou wilt do” &c.

3. qel -ghai “ he will do” &c.

1. QEL-yAai-miz “ we will do” &c.

2. QEJj-ghai-siz “ ye will do” &c.

3. QEL-yAai-lar “ they will do.” &c.

We next have to notice some tenses which could not be brought into
the simple Scheme of the Verb, because they are, as it were, quantities raised
to the 3rd power, being formed by the application of a co-efficient element
to a compound consisting in itself of stem and co-efficient,

They are:

(a.) QELsa’m-zdi, &c. This, being formed by the application of

* Perhaps this is a corrupted survival of the old Turkish Possessive Affix of the
3rd person (see page 23 at end of 11 Substantives”). Thus qel sun would stand for qel-
sa'n, which might be compared with qeham = qel-sa-m, and qeUmg = qel-sa-ng. The
i 2 3 2 1 3

meaning of qel-sa'n would have been w the power-of-doing (is) his,” thus “ let him
do.”

f This form, from the meaning attached to it, would seem to be connected with the
Future Participle in ghu.

the aux. 3rd pers. Past tense, to the several persons of the Pres.
Potential of the Verb, means literally: “ my power of doing existed.”
“Thy power existed,” &c. It is therefore equivalent to the 1st Past
Potential, QELsa-id-im “ I might have done.” Its possessive affix ’m
changes for the several persons of the tense, while the aux. idi remains
in the 3rd pers. throughout, like the bar and the dur of the 2nd Indef.
Past and of the Intentional Future. It is

The 2nd Past Potential Tense.

1. QELsa-m-idi “ I might have done.”

2. QELsa-ng-idi “ thou mightest have done.”

3. qel sa-idi “ he might have done.”

1. QELsa-'q-idi “ we might have done.”

2. QELsa-’ngiz-idi “ ye might have done.”

3. QELsa-’lar-^e “ they might have done.”

(b). qEL-dim-irsa , &c. This is the 3rd p. of the aux. potential
“ irsa” added to the several persons of the simple Past. (See Remark,
on 2nd Indef. Past.) The literal meaning is “ my past doing may
exist,” i . e.j “ I may have done.” But this form seems to be gener¬
ally used in the simple sense of qeldim=“ I did,” with the irsa added to
give a very slightly potential sense, as after the word “ when.” This is

The 3bd Past Potential.

1. QEL-dim-fcWa “ I may have done.”

2. qel- ding-tn-a “ thou mayest have done.”

3. QEL-di-*V$a “ he may have done.”

(e.) Qmj-dim-ikan. Here, in the same way, the 3rd pers. of the
aux. indef. “ than” is tacked on to the several persons of the Simple
Past of the Verb. The literal meaning is “ my past doing indefinitely
exists.” This has simply the meaning “ I did,” but is used in asking a
question or in making a statement qualified by “if” or “ when.”

Ex.: tunu-g'&n nimaish gel-ding iJcan == “ yesterday what mayest thou
have done.”

This is therefore

The 3bd Indefinite Past Tense.

1. QEL-dim-fcfom “ I may have done.”

2. QEL-ding-jfow “ thou mayest have done.”

3. QEL-di-ifow “ he may have done” &c.

(d.) qel«- dur-iJcan-mcm, &c. Here the Indefinite ikan is interposed
before the pronouns of the Compound Pres. Tense. This Tense has simply
the meaning of “ I am about doing,” but is used in the same way as the last.

Ex. : nima-ish gela-dur-ilcansan —“ What mayest thou be doing

[ 48 ]

This tense is the Compound Future-Present Indefinite , but the simple
Fut. Pres. Indef. is more used :

The Compound Futube Pbesent Indefinite Tense.

1. Qma-dur-ikcm-maai “ I may be doing.”

2. QEL 0 -^w-«&w-san “ thou mayest be doing.”

3 . qel a-dur-ilcan “ he may be doing” <fcc.

(e.) Qel a-dur id- im. Here the aux. Past Tense idi is added to the
Compound Future Present qela-dur -. As this latter means: “ (I am)
standing (or in a continuous condition of) doing,” the above compound
is “ I was in the continuous condition of doing” hence “ I was about
doing.” This may be called

The Futube Pbesent Pbetebite.

1. qel a-dur id -im “ I was about doing.”

2. qe \iCL-dwr id -ing “ thou wast about doing.”

3. qejjd-dur id- i “ he was about doing.”

&c. &c.

(f). qe lAp-dwr id-im . As qelip-dur means “ (I am) standing (or in
the continuous condition of) having done,” the above compound means “ I
i vas in the continuous condition of having done” or “ I had done continu¬
ously”, hence “ I had been doing.”

In another way, if we remember that qelip idim is the Pluperfect “ I
had done”, it will at once be seen that the interposition of dwr “ standing”,
as qelip-dwr-idim , must give it a continuative sense : “I had been doing.”
This is

The Continuative Plupebfect.

1. QELip-dur-id-im “ I had been doing.”

2. QEJjip-dur-id-ing “ thou hadst been doing.”

3. QELip-dur-id-i “ he had been doing.”

&c. &c.

There remain a few forms which, although capable of being conjugated
through all the persons and possessing specific meanings, yet being formed
from Verbal forms other than the regular stem-elements, or by means of
attached words other than the regular co-efficient elements, had better be
kept distinct from the regular Tenses, as Vebbal Expbessions.

(a.) qel ish-im bar , &c. Changing the Possessive affix for each per¬
son. The form qelish meaning “ the'doing” (see below in “ Verbal Sub¬
stantives”) bar being the impersonal verb “ is,” the above expression is
literally : “ The doing (of so and so) is mine,” i. e., “ It is mine to do” or I
have to do.”

t 49 ]

1. QEL&A-im bdr, “ I have to do.”

2. QELish-mg-bdr “ thou hast to do.”

3. QEidsh-i-bdr “ he has to do.”

1. q$Lish-\m\z-bdr “ we have to do.”

2. QEii$A-ingiz-bdr “ ye have to do.”

3. QEii«A-ilar-5dr “ they have to do.”

[AT. 2?.—As the form- 'm-bar means “ I have,” the parallel is com¬

plete with “ aimerai” (aimer ai) &c. See Max Muller’s Science of Lan¬
guage, Yol. 1, p. 258, Fifth Edition.]

(5.) QEL-maq-chi bol-dum , &c. This is the noun of the Agent (see
‘‘Formation of Nouns”) derived from the Infinitive by the addition of the
affix chi, with the Past of the verb bol-mdq (to become). The literal mean¬
ing therefore is : “I have become the doer” or “ the one who has to do.” As
it may be presumed that a person only becomes so of his own free will,
this expression may be translated : I have agreed to do and in this sense
it is commonly used.

1. (^ELmaq-chi-boldum “ I have agreed to do.”

2. qmmdq-chi-boldung “ thou hast agreed to do.”

3. QEimdq-chi-boldi “ he has agreed to do.”

1. QELmdq-chi-boId\i({ “ we” &c.

2. QELmaq-chi-boldungiz “ ye” &o.

3. QELmaq-chi-boldHax “ they” &c.

Other expressions formed similarly from other tenses of the verb bol-
mdq may also be used, but they are less common, and will, moreover, sug¬
gest themselves.

( c .) qel a-durghan* bol-dum , &c. This compound qela-durghan (see
below: “ Verbal Adjectives”) means : “ about to do.” Hence the present
expression is equivalent to : “I have become about to do.” There is more
action of the will expressed here than in the last [for q^L-maq-chi is only “ one
who has do,” whereas qela-durghan means “about to do (actually)”]. There¬
fore while the previous form is only used in the sense of “ I have agreed to
do” the present expression implies active choice, viz., “ I have determined”
or “ formed the resolution to do.”

1. q$ux-dwrghan ( qelatqan) boldnm “ I have determined to do.”

2. qELa-dtbrghan-boldxmg “ thou” &c.

3. QELa-durghan-boldi “ he” &c.

1. QELa-durghan bolduq “ we” &c.

2. QELa-durghan bold\mg\z “ ye” &c.

3. qe La-durghan boldi lar “ they” &c.

* Pronounced in Ydrkand “ qelado-ghan or “ qeldtqdn”

7

[ 50 ]

Other tenses of bol-maq are used with this; also durman and idim : e. g.
(d.) 1. qELa-durghan (qeldtqdn) id- im “ I was to do.”

2. <$ELa-durghan-id-mg “ thou wert to do.”

3. QELa-durgJum-id-i “ he was to do.”

&c.

(e.) 1. qel a-dwrghan (qeldtqdn) dur- man “ I am about doing.”

2. q^La-durgdan dur-s&n. “ thou art about doing.”

3. qe m-durgdan dur “ he is about doing.”

&c.

(f) qELsa-m bolur ihan , <fcc. (The Possessive affix of the qelsa
changing for the different persons). This expression is very difficult to
put into a representative English form ; but it shows how distinctly the
Eastern Turki language keeps up the recollection of the origin of its verbal
forms, and how little these have sunk into consolidated inflections. For
here (after the manner of several previous tenses)* the form qelsa 1 m, so far
from being looked upon merely as the 1st Person Singular of the Present
Potential, is distinctly a Substantive in the possessed form (of the 1st Person
Singular), and it is used as the subject or nominative of another verb ( bolur )
in the 3rd Person. By changing the Possessive affix of the “ qelsa 11 we
should get fresh compound substantives, each of which would again
form the subject of the verb bolur. Such a series of expressions as these
may perhaps be looked upon as a Tense in Turki; but they are simply sen¬
tences in a certain form with a nominative governing the possessive pro¬
nouns of the several persons successively [as in English one might say:
my dog runs, thy dog runs, his dog runs, <fec.]*

The literal meaning of the expression, however, (as regards the 1st
Person Singular), may be said to be as follows :—

qel## 'm bolur ihanf

the power of doing mine about to become may be

or, as it is used in the interrogative usually with qaidagd (how), we may
render it: “ [How] may my choice of action be about to come into play ?”
or in other words : [How] shall my doing be P” i. e., “ [How] shall I act”
or “ should I act ?” And so with the other persons, Singular and Plural;
the verb “ bolur-iJcan 11 remaining all through in the 3rd Person Singular.
When used not interrogatively, this expression denotes obligation, as “ I
should” or “ ought to....”

1. QELia-’m bolur ilcan “ I ought to” or “ should do.”

2. QEL$a-’ng bolur ihan “ thou” &c.

3. qel sa bolur ihan “ he” &c.

* See also the 2nd Past Potential and the 3rd ditto, and the 2nd and 3rd Past
Indefinite Tenses.

f Bolur-ikan is the 3rd Person Singular of the Indefinite Future Present of the
verb bolmdq .

[ «1 ]

1. QEL*a-’q bolur ikon “ we” Ac.

2. QELso-’ngiz bolur ikon “ ye” Ac.

3. QEitfa-lar bolur than u they” Ac.

(y.) qel*o-’j» bolur idi, Ac. This is the same expression as the last
with a Fast sense. It means : “ should I have done” or “ I ought to have
done.”

1. QELsa-’m bolur idi “ I ought to have done.”

2. QELsa-’ng bolur idi “ thou” Ac.

3. QELsa bolur idi “ he” Ac.

(h.) QELsa-’w kirak , Ac. The impersonal TciraTc means “ it is neces¬
sary.” The meaning of this expression is therefore (literally) “ my poten¬
tial doing is necessary,” i. e., “ it is necessary that I should do,” or “ I must
do.”

1. QELsa-’m kirak “ I must do.”

2. QELso-’ng lciralc “ thou” Ac.

3. QELsa kirak “ he” Ac.

(t.) QELigh-liq-man, Ac. qel igh is a Verbal Substantive (see ‘ For¬
mation of Substs.’) meaning “ the condition of doing the termination
liq makes it into an adjective “ possessing the condition of doing” or “ pos¬
sessed of the qualification of having or being done.” The pronoun affixed
makes it into a statement, viz., “ I am possessed of the qualification of
having or being done.” It therefore expresses the attainment of a certain
state or condition, and not a mere evanescent action.

1. QELiyA-Zafy-man “ I am in a done or doing state.”

2. QEiiy^-ZZy-san “ thou art” Ac.

Ac.*

IV. B .—It will have been noticed in the case of the Possessive affixes
used as tense terminations: 1st, that where these are followed by the verb
substantive bar or dwr the 1st person plural keeps the ordinary possessive
affix, 'miz, instead of the verbal one of the same person, 'q or *k (see first
note, p. 30). The 2nd Indef. Past and the Intentional Future are examples
of this. 2nd, that when the stem terminates in a vowel, as qel -ghu, the
possessive affix of the 3rd person is si instead of i, according to the Rule
(See “ Substantives, p. 20.”) The Potential is an exception. There the
affix of the 3rd pers. is simply omitted.

* To these verbal expressions others might have been added. E. g. The following
have been found: “ K&shki kimersa qelghai irdC ’ = “ Oh that some-one had been about to
do T\ also qelghai than = (oh that he) were about to do” or “ were going to do ”, But in
truth the combinations are endless.

[ 52 ]

VERBAL SUBSTANTIVES.

Under this head will be classed those forms which, although repre¬
sented by Gerunds, Infinitives, &c., in European languages, yet in Turki
are real substantives formed from the verb-root, and are treated as such :

(a.) QELdr or qel ur ; the Continuative. This is governed by post¬
positions just like any other substantive :

Ex.: QELW-<fa=“in doing” or “when about to do” (lit. “ in the
continuance of doing.”)

Oq vr-gha mail qelur-san=tbou wilt choose to read, (lit. thou wilt
make inclination Jto the reading ).

( b .) qel ghan ; the Indefinite. This is governed by post-positions,
and also by Possessive affixes. When used for the object, (i. e. passively),
it would be rendered in English by a relative clause:

Ex.: xiLghan-ing=“ that which thou knowest,” lit. “ (thing) known
of thee.”

When referring to the action , it would be rendered in a variety of
ways in English, according to the sense:

Ex. : Qel ghan uchun=“ because of doing” or “of having done.”

J$ 0 'Lghan-din-kin=“ after having become” ; lit. “ after the be¬
coming.”

Bo i*ghwn-8ari=-“ in the measure of becoming” or “ as fast as
it becomes.”

U*l ghan-imiz beh-rdq dur=“ it is better for us to die ;” lit.
“ our having died, or being dead, is better.”

In this sense, although a substantive, yet it governs the same case as
the simple verb, as do all substantives formed from verbs.

Ex.: yer-ga xingan-im=“ for me to enter the earth,” lit. “my
entry to the earth.”

(<?). Qel&A # ; the Definite [its vowel is subject to Phonetic change.]
This only expresses the action, and never the object. It takes post¬
positions and Possessive affixes, and governs the same cases as the parent
verb:

Ex. : OQu’«A-*m-<ftft=(lit.) “from my reading”.

Siz-lar-ni chiela-’«A-^=“ in calling you,” lit. “in the calling (of)
you.”

Wdjudi-gha qel ish-ing = “ thy coming into existence.”

Siz-ni Uh QELdumsh-gha tdqat-im yog = “ I have (there is of me)
no power to make you work,” lit. “ to the making.”

* This form is perhaps connected with ish “ work” or ‘ ‘ deed” or “ act.” Thus
qel-ish ( P for qel-maq-ning ish-t) “the act of doing.”

r 63 ]

(i). QELmdq ; the so-called Infinitive also is a substantive taking
post-positions and Possessive affixes ; but always with a Present or Paulo-
post-Future sense. Its negative qelotkw also takes affixes.

Ex. : QEL*»a£-tk?Atfw=“ in order to dolit. “ because of the (P. p. F.)
doing.”

Saning din-giia KTRmak-ing-ni JcVahldi-durjman = 11 1 wish thee to
enter the Faith lit. “ thy entry (acc.) into the Faith I desire.”

(e.) QwLghu-luq. The Participle of Fitness may be used as a sub¬
stantive with post-positions and Possessive affixes.

Ex.: siz-lar har-nima desa-nglar de-nglar, man qELghu-luq-um-ni
qe!dr-man=“ say what you may say, I shall do what I have to do (acc).”

Here QEL-ghu-Iuq-um is “ what I have to do,” i. e. “ what is proper
for me to do.”

(f) Qelz^A. This is more a Derivative than a verbal substantive
[see “ Formation of Substantives,”] ; but it requires to find a place here on
account of the adjective obtained from it.* It has always a concrete sense.

Ex. : ulchak= u scales” from ulcha-mak —to weigh.
uluk= a a corpse” from ul-mak=“ to die.”

YEEBAL ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.

Under this head also are included forms which are not represented in
the same way in European languages, but exhibit their real structure very
plainly in Turki. They are of course undeclined, as is the Turki rule for
adjectives.

(a). Qel ghali; from qel, the root, and an affix ghali which may pro¬
bably be broken up into ghu the Future-Participle affix, (or ? gha the Dative
Post-position), and lif for liq, adjectival affix. Thus qel gha-li would be,
literally, ‘ qualified to or for (future) doing,’ or “ in the manner for
doing.” In common use it means “ for” or “ in order, J to do.”

Ex. : Ko T&gali kel-di=“ he came in order to see lit. “he came
qualified to see.”

Bol ghali una-ma-di = “he consented not to become” or “in such a
manner as to become.”

* In some verbs this form gives a verbal adjective, from which a verbal substan¬
tive is formed by adding lilc, reversing the usual course.

' f See Vambery’s “ Uigurische Sprach-monumente,” p. 39.

J With this English expression in fact it corresponds pretty fairly; “ in order” is
really only a compound adjective, “ arranged” “ orderly”: e. g. “ his affairs are in
order” ; or a compound adverb : e. g. “ arrange yourselves in order.” Here the ad¬
verb may be still further compounded by adding the purpose : “ arrange yourselves
in order for marching (in marching order)” or “ in order to march.” Or again “ go
singly in order for passing through the gate” or “in order to pass through the gate.”
Thus the English expression “ in order to—” (with an infinitive) is merely a compound
adverb, like the Turki form in ghali .

com-

C 54 ]

Binghali buyur-dum = “I commanded (him) to go” ; viz. “ I
manded (him) in order that he should go” or “ so that he should go.”

( b ). QELip. The Perfect Participle. This when used in subordinate
sentences may be considered as a verbal-adjective qualifying the subject of
the chief sentence.

Ex. : bu kafir-ni uiqu-si-din XTGHAT-zp ( man) im&n-gha targhib qel-ai
= “ (I) having awakened this infidel from his sleep, should persuade him
towards the Faith.”

Here “ having awakened,” &c., is obviously the qualification of “ I,”
which is the subject of the main verb “ should persuade.”

This is the chief form in which a verb enters into composition with
another verb. See “ Compound Verbs.”

This Participle is also used in a Passive sense : e. g. simp ketti, lit. “ it
has gone broken” (tut gay a, H.) But sinip birdi “ he broke (it)” (tor
(Hya , H.). Again,

Dozakh dep yer —“ the place called Hell.”

This passive use is less common.

(c.) Qe B-ghach, the Preterite. A similar account may be given of
this (see above, first para, of (b.) Qelip ). The meaning is : “ after having
done.”

(d) . Qel0-qel0. The Reduplicated Present Participle. This de¬
notes “ continued doing” or t( repeated doing.”

Ex. : Sultan shikar qel^-qel# Artush-ga yetti^ u The Sultan, hun¬
ting as he went , arrived at Artush.”

Qel mai, the Negative Present=“ not doing” i. e., “ without doing.”

(e) . QpLghan. This indefinite (Past or Present) form does duty also
as an adjective; and here again it may apply either to the agent or the
object (direct or indirect). Of course as an adjective it is indeclinable :

Ex. : iSHiTto* « 02 =the speech heard (pass.).

ax ghdn kishi= the person taking, or, who has taken (act).

It may be itself joined to a noun or pronoun, which may be either its
subject or object.

Ex. : man-QELghan ish=i\iQ work that I do (lit. the me-done work).
shahtd-BOLghan yer-da= in the place where (so and so) became
a martyr (lit. in the martyr-becoming place).

(f) . tyEba-durghan. The adjective of Paulo-post Futurity; (see
remarks, p. 38).

Ex. : erti keta- durghan Hajji=the pilgrim who is going to start to¬
morrow (lit. the to-morrow-about-to-start pilgrim).

but-khana tea.- durghan yer-da=m the place where the idol-temple
was (or is) to be built (lit. in the temple-about-to-build (be-built)
place).

[ M ]

It will be seen that this, like all the forms of the Indefinite in ghan t
is applicable to either subject or object (direct or indirect).— i. e., is used
either actively or passively.

Negative : QEimai- durghan.

(g) . ($ELghu-Iuq , —with a Future Passive meaning:

Ex. : QELghu-luq wA=a work that has to be done .

( h ) . Qei ghu-diq is active and applies to the agent or subject :

Ex. : suabi-ni ta pqu-diq ish= a work likely to obtain merit .

( i ) tyELigh-lig, conveying the sense of a condition or state [see
4 Verbal Expressions] ;

Ex. : vijsTLuk-luq ash*= food ready cooked.

gauhar-birla araish QEhigh-liq =ornamented with jewels.

THE NEGATIVE.

The Negative of Verbs is formed by the syllables 4 ma* 4 max' or 4 mas.*

4 Ma* is used in the Tenses of the Root, and in the Perfect, In¬
definite, Potential and Future Participles, and the Optative ; it precedes
all the conjugational affixes.f

Ex. : Qel -ma or (^EL-ma-ngX^ u do not QKL-ma-dim 44 1 did not.”

(Perf. Parf.) QEL-ww’pJ idi, 44 he had not done.”

(Indef. Part.) QEi^ma-ghan-miz , 44 we have not done.”

(Pot. Part.) QKL-ma-sa'm, 44 1 may not do.”

(Fut. Part.) qel -ma-ghu-diq, 44 not likely to do,” &c.

(Optative) qel -ma'i 44 let me not do.”

4 Mai' is used for the Present Participle and its Tenses ; or rather,
the negative root qelma (see last rule) being formed, it comes under the
rule (p. 28) by which 44 where the root ends in a vowel the Present Parti¬
ciple adds an i."

Ex.: QEL-mai-man 44 I do not”; qKJj-mdi-ditrman , 44 1 am not about doing.”

4 Mas' is used for the Continuative Participle in ur or or.

Ex. : Qel ar-man, 44 1 am about doing.”

QELmas-man, 44 1 am not about doing.”

Also for the Infinitive : qel#mi£= 44 not to do.”

The Defective Auxiliary 44 irmak" has a negative 44 irmas" or 44 imas"
which does duty instead of 44 dur" when a negative sense is required. [There
is thus a negative Future-Present Tense of irmak 9 but no affirmative in
common use.§]

* It will be observed that push-iik is the same form as qcl-tgh, the igh being changed
into ulc by double phonetic change, viz. of vowel and of consonant.

t That is, it comes immediately after the Root, or after the compound formed of
Root plus the modifying Affixes in the Secondary Forms of a Verb (which see, post).

X The Affixes beginning with vowels lose their own vowels after that of the nega¬
tive syllable, which prevails. (See 44 Rules of Phonetic Change of Vowels”).

} Jrur is antiquated.

[ 56 ]

Ex. : kichik dm-man, “ I am small.”

kichik imas-man , “ I am not small.”

This form imas is also sometimes used in compound Tenses, instead of
the inserted syllable, to make a negative.

The defective verb irmak seems to have no negative form for the past
tense ; but the negative Future-Present imas is used, prefixed to the
(affirmative) Past Tense of the same verb.

Ex. : tyELghan imas idilar for QEL-ma-ghan idilar. “ They had not
been doing.”

Tdakhir QELghu-luk imas , (for qel -ma-ghu-lug dm) “ delay is not
to be made.”

The impersonal verb bar or b&r-dur, “ there is”, “ it is,” has its
negative yog or yog-dur.

TEE INTERROGATIVE

is expressed by adding mu (vulg. ma) after the verb. This syllable gener¬
ally follows the last of the affixes of the verb ; but in the Tenses of the
Present and Future-Present Participle, the interrogative is often used in
the middle of the word, in the shape of a mere letter m added to the Present
Participle.

Ex. : ($ELding mu “ didst thou do ?” [regular form].

Qel a-m'-san, “ dost thou do P” [Present-Part. form].

Osamai-m’san “ dost thou not do ?” [do].

The particle mu repeated, stands for English “ whether. or.”

E. g. ma'lum bol-mai-dur kdfir-mu Musulm&n-mu = “It is not known
whether unbelievers or Musulmans.”

With the common form ikan or ikin (Indef. Part., or 3rd pers. of In-
def. Past Tense, of irmak “ to be”) the interrogative syllable is prefixed in¬
stead of being suffixed, thus m'ikin = “ is (it) ?” “ may (it) be ?” This
compound is used, instead of the final interrogative mu, wherever ikan
would be used in the positive. It expresses more of hesitancy between two
opinions than the simple mu, owing to the peculiar indefiniteness of ikan :

Ex. bu maning-ki m’ikin = “ may this be mine ?” {bu maning-ki bar
Mil—would be simply “is this mine ?”). Ul kishi kela-dur m’ikin.*=
“will that person come (or will he not, I wonder) ?” Ul kishi kela-M y
dm would be simply “ will that person come ?”

See also “ Syntax” §§10 and 16 for other examples.

* This however may be said to be merely the Interrogative form of the Comp. Fut.
Pres. Indef. Tense. Thus Kela-dur-ikan = “be may be about coming” ; Kela-dur-m i-
lcan (like Qela-m’san in form) = “ may be be about to come” ? The effect is the same
however.

[ 57 ]

THE COMPOUND PASSIVE.

The addition of the Auxiliary verb bolmaq, “ to become,” to the Past
Participle of the Transitive verb, forms a Passive, which may be conjugated
through all the tenses of the verb “ bolmaq .”

Ex. : oqu'p-bolmaq , “ to be read.”

oqu’p-bolghan, “read.” (Indef. Past Participle.)
oqu'p-bolar , “ it is about being read.”

<fec. &c.

For the Simple Passive see the Chapter on “ Secondary Forms of the
Verb.”

We may now say a few words about the Impersonal Auxiliary above-
mentioned—“ bar”. This must be carefully distinguished from the verb b&r-
maq t “ to go,” which enjoys a complete conjugation.

Bdr, (pronounced in Yarkand, bd) the Impersonal Auxiliary, means
“there is.” # It is also used to connect the predicate with its subject
affirmatively, or rather to affirm the existence of the subject as connected
with that particular predicate, in the same way that yoq denies its existence
in that connection.

In that sense it sometimes has the pronouns of the 1st and 2nd Per¬
sons affixed to it. It is also sometimes prefixed to the Auxiliaries durman ,
idim, and ikan, and conjugated by their means as follows :—

Pbesent.

1. Bab -man f or Bab -durman 9 J “ I exist” or “ I am.”

2. Bab -san or Bab -dursan, “ thou existest,”

3. Bab or Bab -dur “ he exists,” &c.

1. Bab -miz or BAR-durmiz, “ we exist,” &c.

2. Bab -siz or Bab -dwrsiz % “ ye exist,” &c.

3. Bab or B±n-durlar, “ they exist,” &c.

Indefinite-Past.

1. Bab -ikan-man, “lam” or Bab -id-im, “.I was.”

“ may be.”

2. Bab -ilcan-san y “ thou art,” &c. Bab -id-ing, “ thou wert.”

3. l$AX.-iJcan “ he is,” <fcc. BAB-td-i, “ he was.”

1. I$AJi-ikan-miz “ we are,” &c. l$AR-id-ik, “ we were.”

2. Bab -ikan-siz, “ ye are,” &c. Bab -id-ingiz> “ ye were.”

3. Bab -ilcan-lar, “ they are,” &c. BAX-id-ilar, “ they were.”

* Primarily it means “ existence,” but used verbally in the Turki maimer it means
“there is.”

t The present of BAR-mdq, “to go,” would be ba ua-man, &c.

X The tense in dur is used, when the fact is merely presumed, to mean “ there
must be,” “there probably is” (H. howega) . See remarks, p. 38.

8

[ 68 ]

In the Negative, the word yog wotdd simply take the place of the
word bdr throughout.

The Auxiliary bdr is made to supply the place of the verb “ to have”
which does not exist in Turki, (see Syntax, § 13). It may be used also as
a verbal adjective or noun : e. g., ahl-im bdr Hi-da = in the house where
my wife is (lit. “ my wife-being house in) bar-i-ni tuttilar = “ they
took what there was of his” [lit. “the existent (things) of him”].

The Indefinite verb-tense iJcan is the most usual copula in ordinary
sentences.

Ex. Bu at cTiung ihan = “ this horse is big.”

Finally any adjective or substantive or pronoun can be prefixed to
the Personal Pronouns without any copula* : e. g., ussdh man, “ I (am)
thirsty Tcichih san , “ thou (art) small;” ui-da mizf, we (are) at home ;”
Tajik-lar-din siz mu, “ (are) you of the Tajik tribe ?” yog, biz Turh-lar-
din miz, “ no, we (are) of the Turks” ( i . e., of Turkish race). The verb
substantive is simply sous-entendu, or perhaps its necessity is not felt in a
primitive language, as neither is it in the language of children, e. g., “ me
good”, “you horse”, “me coachman”.

CHAPTER VI.

SECONDARY POEMS OP THE VEEB.

The Secondary Forms are produced by certain Affixes added to the
Root, conveying some modification of the Primary verb.

These Affixes may be super-imposed one on the other as required.

The new Verb thus formed is conjugated just as the Primary Verb,
taking the compound of Root plus modifying Affix or Affixes, as a new
Root.

I.—Causatives.

The Turki Causative form gives to a Transitive Verb a Causative sense,
while an Intransitive one becomes Transitive. This will be .obvious from
an example or two :

(i a ). The first form of the Causative is that which applies to Verbs

* A similar practice in Osmanli Turkish (where the abbreviated' forms of the pro¬
nouns adopted as tense-terminations, are thus used) has misled Grammarians into the
belief that the said abbreviated terminational pronouns form a tense of the Verb Sub¬
stantive. See Preface, p. 8, (text and first note).

t Note that it is the verbal or terminational form of the Personal Pronouns that is
thus used (miz not biz), as in Osmanli.

t 69 ]

ending with a Towel, or diphthong (or sometimes to those with the liquids
r and l) by affixing a t.*

Ex : Ishla-mak = to work.

Ishla-t-mak = to cause to work.

Tuga-mak = to come to an end, i . e. to finish (intrans.).

Tuga-t-mak = to cause to come to an end, i. e. to finish
(trans.).

Ibar-mak = to send : ibdr-t-mak = to cause to send.

(£). The second form of Causative is that which affixes ur,f tur or
dur, J or shur (in which the Vowel is constant).

Ex. : push-male == to be in a cooked state [neuter, not passive].

push-ur-mak = to cause to be in a cooked state, i. e., to
cook. (Trans.)

kel-mak = to come. (Intrans.)

kel-tur-mak = to cause to come, i. e to bring. (Trans.)

bil-mak = to know ; bil-dur-mak = to cause to know, i. e., to
inform.

tap-mag = to receive; tap-shur-mdg = to cause to receive,
i. e.y to entrust to.

[-ZV. B .—In the cases of tuga-mak, piish-mak, &c., the English lan¬
guage treats the Turki Causative (push-ur-mak , “ to cook,” &c.,) as the Pri¬
mary Verb, and the Turki Primary (push-male, “ to be cooked,”) &c. as the
passive of the same. For we should consider the idea (“to cook,”) to come
before the idea “ to be in a cooked state.” But the Turki language takes
the latter as its primary idea, putting it in the form of a primary (Turki)
verb; while it obtains the sense of our simple Active verb by adopting
the form of the Causative from what is, in our mouths, a Passive (to cause
to be cooked = to cook). This train of thought may sometimes help to
account for what may seem to be a non-conformity botween the Turki ver¬
bal form and its English expression.]

(c). The third form affixes kur or kuz, the k and its vowel changing
sometimes according to the Phonetic Rules.

Ex. : get-mag = to reach.

get-gur-mdg or get-guz-mdg = to cause to reach.

gel-mag = to do ; gel-ghuz-mdg = to cause to do.

kir-mak = to enter ; kir-giz-mak = to cause to enter.

* Probably a vestige of the verb it-mak “ to make.” Thus ishla-t-mak quasi
ishla-it-malc u to make to work.”

t Such Verbs as have their Causative in ur always have their Continuative Parti¬
ciple in dr not ur to avoid confusion. Ex. ichmaq “to drink;” Continuative Parti¬
ciple ichdr ; Causative form ich-ur-mdq .

X According to the Rules of Phonetic Variation for Consonants (the vowel does
not change).

[ 60 ]

II.— The Passite.

(a). The first form of the Passive is obtained by affixing 7, il or ul
(according to the Phonetic Pules, which see) to the Poot. If the Root
ends in a vowel, that of the Passive Affix disappears.

Ex. : ach-maq “ to open ;” ach-il-mdq “ to be opened.”
tari-mak “ to sow tari-l-mak “ to be sown.”
oqu-maq “ to read ; oqu-l-maq “ to be read.”
tut-mak “to seize;” tut-ul-mak “to be seized.”

AT. B. —It seems probable that the origin of this formation was the
addition of the Auxiliary bol-maq , “ to become,” to the Perfect Participle
of another verb. The combination still survives with a passive significa¬
tion, as tutwp-bol-maq , “ to be seized” [See “ Verbs, Compound Passive.”]
This might easily be corrupted to tutubul-maq* by the elision of p before
b and Phonetic change in the Vowel; and thence the step would not be far
to tutul-maq,* slurring over the b between two vowels.

(5). In cases where the Root of the Verb ends in l , the Affix of the
Passive is changed into in or un to avoid the clashing of two /s.

Ex. : bil-mak = to - know ; bil-in-mak = to he known (not bil-il-
mak).

[AT. B. —Sometimes a Passive is formed from an Intransitive Primary
Verb in the regular form, hut its meaning is taken from the Causative.

E. g., ajra-mak (intransitive) “ to be in a divided state.” Passive
ajra-l-mak , “ to be divided.” This is, in point of meaning, the Passive of
ajra-t-mak , “ to divide” or “ to cause to be in a divided state” (Caus.) ;
hut in form it is the Passive of the intransitive Primary Verb ajra-mak
which of course by rights could have no Passive].

III.— The Reflective.

This is formed precisely as the last [Passive (£)], but can be applied
not only to Verbs whose root ends in /, but to all whose sense will bear it.
Its meaning is directly or indirectly Reflective ; but this sometimes gives
rise to special meanings, whose exact connection cannot at first sight be
traced.

Ex. : ur-mdq = to strike ; ur-un-maq = to strike one’s self against;
(sp.) to brush against

tolgha-maq = to twist; tolgha-n-m&q = to twist one’s self,
(sp.) to writhe.

oqu-maq = to read; oqu-n-maq — to read to one’s self.

* As least one such instance is actually known where alip bar-mdq is contracted
into apdr-mdq. It must first have been shortened to alipdr-mdq and thence (slurring
over the l between two vowels) to apdr-mdq which is now in use.

t 61 ]

chaq-maq = to strike a light; chaq-in-maq = to strike a light
of itself ; (sp.) to lighten (used of the Lightning).
aya-mak = to withdraw (trans.) ; aya-n-mak = to shrink (with¬
draw one’s self).

[-V. B .—There are some Primary Verbs in the Beflective form, or
at least of which no Primary form exists ; this having probably become
superfluous in point of meaning, as for example, with tuga-mak t “ to come
to an end,” and tuga-n-mak , “ to finish itself one of these is obviously
superfluous, and might be dropped. Even when the real Primary form has
become obsolete, the Secondary Verbs are formed as if from it, and not
from the Beflective form.

Ex. : orga-n-mak == to learn, (to put into one’s own .

mind). J as if from orga -

makes orga-t-mak = to cause to learn, or to teach > mak (obsolete)=
(others), (to put into another’s mind). 1 (to have in mind),
and not 6rga-n-dw-mak?\ '

IV.— The Veeb of Becipeocity oe Companionship.

This form affixes } sh, ish or ush* (according to the Phonetic Buie)
to the Verb (root or compound). The sense conveyed is that the action
is reciprocal between several persons, if the Primary Verb will bear
this sense; otherwise it means that the action is performed by several
together. Like some of the other secondary forms, this sometimes assumes
a special restricted sense, which in English is expressed by a separate word.

Ex. : us-mak “ to butt us-ush-mak “ to butt at one-another ;

tut-mhq “ to seize tut-ush-mdq “ to seize one-another”, (speci¬
ally) “to wrestle

oqu-maq “ to read oqu-'sh-maq “ to read in company.”
ur-un-maq “ to brush against.” ur-un-ush-maq “ to brush against
one another.”

V.— The Veeb of Possibility^

To express the power to do or suffer, the Turki language employs no

separate Verb (as “lean.”) but adds an affix al to the Verb.

This affix remains intact, never changing phonetically as others do.

Ex. : bar-maq , “ to go bar-al-niaq , “ to be able to go.”

dch-mdq, “ to open ach-al-maq, “ to be able to open.”
tut-mciq, “to seize tut-al-maq , “tobe able to seize.”

*at-maq y “ to sell sat-al-maq , “to be able to sell.”

♦ Perhaps connected with ish “ a companion.”

f The Osmanli Turkish seems to have no form of Possibility, only that of Impos¬
sibility in ama or emc. This is obviously a relic of the Eastern or primitive affix of
Possibility combined with that of Negation: e. y., (Osm.) ydz-ama-di for (East. T.) ydz-
&l-ma-di “ he was not able to write.”

[ 62 ]

[AT B. —It may be said that this form is simply the apposition of the
Verb dl-maq , “ to take,” to the Primary Verb. This is probably the origin
of the formation; in fact it is sometimes found written separately with
the Pres. Participle of the principal Verb followed by the tense of the
Auxiliary al-maq ; e. g. qela-almas = “ cannot make” ; but, in speaking it
has got worn down into a mere formal affix instead of an independent Verb.

Thus the forth bar'-almaq , tuf-almaq , &c. may be considered a mere
corruption or running together of the full compound: bdra-almaq 9 tuta-
almaq, &c.]

Where the Present Participle does not end in a but in i (in consequence
of the Root ending in a vowel, see “ Verbs, Pres. Participle”, page 28) no
elision takes place between the final i of the verb, and the initial a of the
auxy. This helps to distinguish this form from the Passive in these cases :*

Ex. : [Primary Form] ajra-mah = to be in a state of division.

[Passive Form] ajra-l-maTc = to be divided.

[Form of Possib.] ajrai-dl-mdk = to be able to be in a state
of division.

(Prim.) oqu-maq = to read.

(Pass.) oqu-l-maq = to be read.

(Poss.) oqui-al-maq = to be able to read.

Not only one but two or more of these modifying affixes may be used
in the same Compound Verb, as will be seen below.

The order in which they should be applied to the Root, when several
come together, depends chiefly on the meaning intended to be given. But
there seem to be two general rules, viz., that the negative affix when used
shall come last (before the conjugational ones), while usually the affix of
Possibility comes next before the negative (if any), or otherwise last of
all the modifying syllables.

123456 7 8

Ex. : Bin— il — isii—tur —al—mai— dur—man
Root Pass. Recip. Caus. Possy. Neg. Auxy. Pron.

Modifying Affixes (Secondary Conjugational
Forms) Affixes.

8765 4 21 3

= I am not able to cause (them), to be given to one-another.

With the exception of these two modifying affixes (viz., those of Pos¬
sibility and of Negation), the order of the others is dictated by the mean¬
ing intended. For instance:

Bi K-il-dv/r-mak is the Causative Form (in dur) of a Passive Verb

* In other cases the distinction (between the Passive and Possibility forms) is
made by the Phonetic change of vowel in the former as against the retention of the d
in the latter : e. g. (Pass.) tap-H-maq, (Poss.) tdp-hl-maq.

(in if) obtained from the Root bib. It therefore must mean “ to cause
to be given.”

Again, bib -dwr-ul-mak is the Passive (in uT) of the Causative Form
(in dur) of the Verb BiR-mak. Thus its sense is : “ To be caused to give.”

[AT. JB .—With an Intransitive Verb only one of these two forms
would be possible. For with kel -mak, “ to come,” kel -tur-un-mak would
he the Passive of the Causative Form, and would mean “ to be caused to
come,” i. e., “ to be brought.” But the alternative form KEL-in-tur-mafc
would be the Causative of a Passive Verb kel -in-mak, and such a Verb is
logically impossible, since kel -mak “ to come,” can have no Passive (though
it is true a Passive form of certain Intransitive Verbs is used impersonally
in a special sense ; see 44 Syntax.”)]

Thus each of these affixes modifies the combination preceding it, while
the resulting meaning is again modified by the next succeeding affix. Each,
moreover, may recur (in its varying forms) in the same combination.

Ex. : KiB-y iz-il-dur-ul-maJc = 44 to be caused to be made to enter”, i. e.
44 to be caused to be brought in,” where the Causative Affix appears under
the forms of giz and dur, and the Passive under those of il and ul.

It will be understood that such complex forms are rare. Still, while
generally making use of simple ones, the Turkis reserve to themselves the
right of employing the longest compounds, and occasionally exercise the
right.

[AT. B .—It will be seen from this that the Turki Verb is capable of
a vast number of different forms. There are, as we have seen, five Secon¬
dary Root forms besides the Compound Passive. The number of Permuta¬
tions these are capable of is of course enormous. Many of these would be
impossible logically ('though not formally), while many would be mere
repetitions in point of meaning.

But leaving out the Affix of Possibility (which generally comes last),
it may be safely stated that with each of the five remaining forms taken
successively as the first affix, at least five combinations can be made, con¬
veying each a distinguishable meaning, which would be recognised by any
educated native of Turkistan.

This would give us 5 x 5, viz., 25 compound forms, to each of which
could be added the Affix of Possibility, making up 50. But each of these
50 could be used in the negative ; so that there are not less than 100 Com¬
pound Roots or Bases.

Or the number may be estimated in this way. Prof. Max Muller, by
the application in Western Turkish merely of the Causative, Reflective and
Reciprocative Affixes, obtains 12 Secondary forms For the Eastern Turki,
if we attach to each of these the Affix of Possibility, we raise the number
of forms to 24, each of which can be put in the Negative, making 48.

[ 64 ]

Now all but the simplest of these are susceptible of a different order in the
affixes (giving a difference of meaning, see above). Moreover, affixes may
recur in the same combination (see preceding page). If we allow that
these methods double the number of basal forms, we shall be well within
the mark, and so we may fairly admit the figure 100 given above.

Now there are some 44 complete Tenses (or conjugated expressions),
and 4 Tenses with only 4 personal forms apiece. Thus we get 280 Tense-
persons applicable to each of the 100 Compound Roots or Bases, besides
verbal substantives and adjectives. Multiplying the two sums together
we see that the number of intelligible forms which a single Turki Primary
Transitive Yerb-root is capable of giving rise to, is not less than 28,000.

Prof. Max Muller states that “ each Verb in Greek, if conjugated
through all its voices, tenses, moods, and persons, yields, together with its
participles, about 1,300 forms” (Max Muller Lectures on the Science of
Language, 5th Ed., Vol., I, p. 305.)

CHAPTER VII.

ADVERBS, POST-POSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS, NUMERALS.

.THE ADVERB.

Many Adjectives are used as Adverbs without alteration.

Of course it would be superfluous to give a long list of Adverbs, which
would be found again in the Vocabulary. But there are certain groups of
Compounds which call for notice :

(«). First, a large number are formed by means of the Locative Affix
da = “ at” or “ in ;” also din = from,” and ga or ka = “ to :”
qai-da or qan-da = in what (place) ? where ?
un-da = in that (place), there.
u'-yer-da = in that place.
uza-si-da = on the top of it.
tub an-da = at the bottom.
arasi-din = from the midst of it.
nim'-uh-ka &c. = wherefore ? (lit.) to what work ?

It will be observed that these are merely Pronouns or Substantives in
the Locative, Dative, or Ablative cases.

(b). The Affix dik, ddq or dagh gives rise to some Adverbs of simili¬
tude.

qai-ddq = what like ? how ?
mun-ddgh = like this, thus.
shun-dagh = like that, so.

&c.

[ 66 ]

Other Compound Adverbs can be formed in the same way by means of
the Affix daq or dik with various Substantives or Pronouns.

(c) . Another set is formed by affixing cka, which implies “ extent”
or “ amount.”

qan-cha = how much p
mun-cha = this much.
shwi-cha = that much.
ni-cha =3 how much P

(d ) . Sometimes this Affix cha is preceded by the Dative Post-position:

an-ga-cha = “to that extent” or “ so far as that”

Icachan-ga-cha = “ to what extent of time ?” t. <?., “ till when ?”

Thus the Compound Affix gha-cha comes to mean, in point of place
“ so far as,” and in point of time “ until.” It answers to the Compound
Verbal Affix ghun-cha. This is written in K&shghar ghu-cha , which would
derive it from the Future Participle is ghu ; or it may be the termination
of the Indefinite Past Participle “ ghan” with the same affix “ cha” and
thus qEL-ghun-cha would be literally “to the extent of the (indefinite)
“ doing,” which sense agrees well enough with the co mm on use of this form
viz., “ whilst doing” or “ than doing.”

Neg. q^-ma-ghun-cha,—" whilst not doing,” i. e. “until (he or it
Ac.) does.”

Ex.: mulaqdt 30L*ma-ghun-cha = until a visit was paid, (lit. “ whilst
not paid”).

Saning dtn-ing-gha Kiiz-ghun-cha = than entering into thy Faith.

(e) . The Substantive yan “ side” forms several Adverbs:

qai-ydn-gha = to which side ?

qai-yan-da = in what direction ?

u-yan-din or u-yan-i-din = from that direction.

lu-ydn-da or bu-yan-i-da = in this direction.

(/). Next comes a group of which the derivation is less plain, but
the connection in sense and form evident.
biri = on this side.
nari = on that side.

ichkari = inside [ichra = ditto (also found)].

taehqari = outside.

ilgari = before.

yoqari = above.

utra or utru = opposite, facing.

N. B .—It will be observed that the sense of all these is locative while
the terminations are two : the simple ari or iri, and the fuller hari or gari.
It is probable from analogy that some word indicating “place” or “locality”
must be the origin of these endings. That word must be found in the
9

[ 66 ]

simpler as well as in the fuller forms. Hence it may be inferred that the
Ic (q or g) of some of them is not a part of the word we are seeking. Look¬
ing then simply at ari or iri, where we are to find the meaning “ locality,”
we are reminded at once of yer-i == “ its place.” I venture to suggest,
therefore, that biri may be a corruption of bu-yeri ( = this place), and
nari of an-yeri or 9 n-yeri ( = that place).

As for the others, ichkari , &c. it will be observed that ich is a
Substantive (see Vocabulary) meaning “ the interior.” Task or tish
means “the outside.” Again it may be gathered by comparing the
Chaghatai word ilai “before” with the Uigur word ilik {? il-lik)
“ first,” that there must once have been a word il meaning “ front,”
which would be the origin of il-gari. Lastly, as there is an Uigur Verb
yoq-la-maq = “ to be elevated,” it may be gathered that yoq as a root con¬
veys the idea of height, whence yoqari .

It will be observed that such of these compounds as take the simpler form
withoTit k, begin with Pronouns, while those which take a k, <foc., before the
element ari begin with Substantives. How an Adjectival Pronoun can
be prefixed to a Substantive without intermediation. But a Substantive
cannot be so attached to another Substantive. The regular formation in
such a case is to affix the particle gi or ki [see p. 73 (b)] to the former,
making it into an Adjective of Relation. Now this is exactly what we
find in these words. Wherever the first element is a Substantive, we find a
k introduced between the two parts of the word. This confirms my sup¬
position that the final element is a Substantive. If we wished to combine
the Substantive ich “ interior” with the Substantive yer or yeri “ place”
according to rule—we should say ich-ki-yeri = “ the inward place”, “ the in¬
side” (ioh-ki being an Adjective of Relation meaning “ inward”) a form
easily contracted to ich-k'ari. And so, tash-q 9 ari for tash-qi-yeri “ the out¬
side ;” %Ug 9 ari for il-gi-yeri “ the fore-side;” yoqari for yoq-qi-yeri “ the
up-side.” (TJtra is probably from a Participle of ut-mak “ to cross”, and
not from a Substantive,)

But it may be said that these words (if formed as I have suggested)
are mere Compound Substantives, and not Adverbs. This is so true that
they are often treated exactly like Substantives. They are not only declined
by means of Post-positions (e. g., Ugari-da, tashqari-gha, &c.,) but they are
also frequently put in the “ possessed” form, and govern the genitive of
the object, e. g. ui-ning ichkarisi-gha, “ to the inside of the house” ; man-
ing ilgari-m-da , “ at the front of me.”

V&mbery thinks that these forms may be divided into a mark of the
dative ga, and a final syllable ra or re (indicating a direction towards accor¬
ding to Schott)*. I have ventured to offer another solution above, which I
♦ Quoted by y&mb6ry, “ Cbagataische Sprachstudien,” p. 20, note.

[ 67 ]

will further support by remarking that the treatment of these forms as Sub¬
stantives (see last para.) quite accords with the supposition that they are for-

1 2 3 4 5 6

med on the word “ yer-i .” Thus ui-ning ichkari-si-gha would be—(lit.)

653 42 1 123466

“ to its inner place of the house,” and matting ilgari-m-da would be (lit.)

6 5 3 4 2 1

“ at my front place of me.”

But such expressions are hardly consistent with the supposition that
ichkari is made up of ich the “ interior” plus ka “ to” ( [Dat.), plus ri (a

12 3 4

Post-position supposed to imply direction towards). For ui-ning ich-ka-ri-si-
6 6 4 3 2 1

glia would then be (lit.) w to its towards to interior of the house” with 3
Post-positions (two of them identical) agglomerated on the top of one
another, and only broken by a Possessive Affix detached from any Noun.
And maning il-ga-ri-m-da would be on the same system (lit.) “ at my
towards to front of me.”

With regard to such forms as qait-ru “ backwards,” uz-ra up &c. (to
which may be added ich-ra “ inside”) quoted by Prof. Vambery to prove
that the syllable ra is separate from the (supposed) Dative termination
ka, and does not form part with it of a single element kari or gari, this
conclusion is doubtless correct, as moreover the examples biri and nari show.
Prof. Yambery and I are agreed in thinking that the k element is distinct
from the r element. What they each represent, is a different question. If
the latter meant “ direction towards,” the addition of the former with much
the same sense, (viz. ka = to) would be superfluous ; and still more so, on
this supposition, would be a second apposition of the same affix in the
expression tdshqari-gha, &c.

Moreover in the words above quoted of Eastern Turkistani, I cannot
trace any signification of “ direction towards.” In that dialect they all
apply to “ rest in a place” (e. g. Tdshqari is the name of the outer courtyard
of a house, and ichkari that of the inner or women’s court), as moreover can
be gathered from the fact that to express motion the dative post-position
is added; e. g. tdshqari gha “ to the outside,” “ outward” ; while it is quite
correct to say ichkari ulturadur “ he is sitting inside,” tdshqari turdi “ he
stood outside,”* which would be abnormal if those words implied motion or
direction towards. As for the forms ich-ra, uz-ra, &c. (from the substantives
ich = interior and uza = surface) where we should expect to find the par¬
ticle ki following the initial element, it is probable that in the more
Westerly dialects (for they are not common in Eastern Turkistan), the
substantive yeri, having already been contracted to ra or ri, has further

* The phrase, “ Bddshdh birla Wazir tdshqari tur-up irdi-lar" * “ The King and
Yizier were standing outside ,” has been found*

[ 68 ]

sunk into a mere post-position, so that its substantival origin and the
consequent necessity for the relative particle, hi, after other substantives
attached to it, may have been forgotten.

Thus it is only when governed by Post-positions, as “ da ”, “ glia” or
“ din ” (expressed or understood), that such forms can be considered as
Adverbs, although these Post-positions are often suppressed as understood.

When themselves governing Nouns or Pronouns, they of course be¬
come Compound Post-positions, as in the instances given above in the Note.

(y). Another group is formed with the Affix lash, implying " direc¬
tion” or “ inclination towards.”

yoqari-lash — upwards.
tuban-lash = downwards.
ura-lash = sloping upwards.
ara-lash = mixedly, i. e., middle-wards.

POST-POSITIONS.

These may be divided into two classes, Simple and Compound.

The Simple Post-positions are mere affixes attached to the words
governed by them, and forming what may be called (for the sake of com¬
parison with the inflectional languages) various cases, Dative, Locative, &c.

The Simple Post-positions are : da u at” or " in,” din “ from,” gha,
qa, ga or Tea “ to,” ning “ of,” ni (sign of accusative absent in English),
lirla or hilan “ with,” siz “ without,” uohun “ for,” “ because of,” <fcc., &c.

The Compound Post-positions are really Substantives, which are
themselves affected by the simple Post-positions, e. g., ich -i-da " inside,”
[lit.] u in its interior;” uza •si-gha “a’top,” ^lit.) “to its top.” These are
sometimes applied directly to a substantive. But they also frequently
require other Post-positions to connect them with the words they govern,
e. g .,—din kin (lit.) “ after from ...;”— ning uza •si-da “ a’top of—.”

WTien they are used with the genitive of the noun governed, the sense
is made definite.

Ex. t Tagh-nmg uza -si-da = on the top of the mountain.

Tagh-ning tuban -uda = at the foot of the mountain.

"When din is used instead of ning , or when the two Substantives are
merely placed in apposition without any Post-position between, the sense
becomes indefinite (especially in the latter case).

Ex. : Tdgh-VhKsi-da = on the mountain-tops.

Tigh-din-TV'BAK-da = below the mountains.

The following is a list of the more usual forms ; it being remembered
that all can employ ning in the definite sense before them, while such as here
have din prefixed, use that post-position for the indefinite (the others being
merely placed in apposition when the sense is indefinite)

%

[ 69 ]

vstun-da or gha, Ac.

=b upon.

alt in-da „

= under.

ditin-da „

= ditto.

ich-i-da „

= inside.

arasi-da „

= amidst.

uza-si-da „

= a’top of.

tupd-si-da „

= upon.

tub-i-da „

= in the bottom of.

ydn-i-da „

= at the side of.

(only with ning) qash-i-da „

= in the presence of.

ditto

ald-i-da „

= in front of.

ditto

bu-yuz-i-da „

= on this side of.

ditto

u-yiiz-i-da „

= on the further side of.

ditto

kin-i-da „

= in the rear of.

ditto

argd-ii-da „

= at the back of.

ditto

tash-i-da „

= on the outside.

Defte. (ning) ; Indfte. (din) ichlcari

s= inside.

ditto

(cfo’w) arga-da

= behind.

ditto

(din) Mn

= after.

ditto

(din) tuban

= below, in a lower position

than.

ditto

(din) tag-i-da

sb beneath, under, (with some¬

thing superposed).

ditto

(din) ustun

= above, higher than.

ditto

(din) ditin

=3 below.

All these declinable Substantives admit also of the Possessive Affixes,

e. g. tnaning qdsh-im-da = “ in my presence’ ; saning y&n-ing-din = “ from

thy side.”

The Compound ghacha (glia “to,” c

iha “ the extent of see Adverbs)

is used as a

Post-position meaning “ till”

or “ as far as.”

Ex. : Tiz-ghacha = as far as the knee; Kdshqar-ghacha = as far as

Kashghar;

bdsh-tokhi-ghacha b= till first cock, (i. e., till cock-crow).

CONJUNCTIONS.

There are not many Conjunctions in Turki. It borrows them fre¬
quently from Persian and Arabic.

The home-bom ones are kirn “ that,** iakhi “ still,” “ notwithstanding/*
imdi “ then/ 1 Ac., and the compound an-din-Mn “ afterwards/’ Ac.

*

[ 70 ]

NUMERALS.

The Cabdlnax numbers are :

bir = one.

yigarma = twenty.

iki = two.

otoz = thirty.

och = three.

I qirg = forty.

tort = four.

&

ii

IS

besh = five.

altmish

alti = six.

or atmish— sixty.

yette = seven.

yetmish = seventy.

sakiz— eight.

sakzan = eighty.

toqoz= nine.

togzan = ninety.

un = ten.

yuz = a hundred.

ming = a thousand.

tuman = ten thousand.

The intermediate numbers are formed by simple apposition, the multi¬
ples of ten coming first, as: vzn-bir = “ eleven,” btoz-besh— “thirty-five” ;
tort-yuz 8aJczan-dch = “ four hundred and eighty-three” ; bir ming iki yuz
toqzan = “ one thousand two hundred and ninety.” It will be seen that
to express multiples of a number the smaller factor comes first, as above :
tort-yuz = “ four hundred”.

There is a class of Substantives derived from the cardinal numbers,
which had better be noticed in this place.

bir-ao or bir-ailan =one by itself, “ a one.”
ik'-ao or W-mlan= a two, a pair, both.

(tCa, &C»

[AT. B. —It is probably by a contraction of the former that we get the
Post-position bir-lm, birla or bilan = together with, “ in one.” See Ku-
datku Bilik, Introd.— aning imsdli bir-ailin “ with their proverbs.”]

Next we have the Numeral Adjectives or Obdinal Numbers. These

are :

bir-inchi

= first.

yigarma-nchi

= twentieth.

iki-nchi

= second.

otoz-unchi

= thirtieth.

och-bnchi

= third.

girg-inchi

= fortieth.

tort-bnchi — fourth.

illig-inchi

= fiftieth.

besh-inchi = fifth.

atmish-inchi

= sixtieth.

alti-nchi

= sixth.

yetmish-inchi

= seventieth.

yetti-nchi = seventh.

sakzan-inchi

= eightieth.

sakiz-inchi = eighth.

iogzcm-inchi

= ninetieth.

toqoz-unchi = ninth.

ytiz-unchi

= hundredth.

un-unchi

= tenth.

mmg-inchi

= thousandth.

[ 71 ]

[-V. B. —The termination is often written and pronounced ji. The
ordinal affix is only applied to the last term of a compound number as : bir
yuz qirq-sakiz-inchi = one hundred and forty-eighth.]

There are also some Numeral Adverbs formed by the additional of
As bir-in iki-n = by ones and by twos.

AT. JB. —Perhaps a contraction of bir-din iki-din , which form also
exists with the same meaning.

Bir-ar, (no ik-ar), och-ar, tort-ar &c.,=“ singly,” “by threes,” “by
fours,” &c.

“Once,” “twice,” &c., are formed with qatim “time” as, iki-qatim
“ twice,” besh-qatim “ five times,” &c.

THE TDRKI YEAR-CYCLE

Consists of twelve solar years, each named after some animal in a fixed

order, as follows

—

1. Sachkan

“ The Mouse.”

7. At

“ The Horse.

2. Tfi

“ The Ox.”

8 . Qo'i

“ The Sheep.’

3. Bars

“ The Leopard.”

9. Maimun

“ The Ape.”

4. Tawhqan

“ The Hare.”

10. Tokhi

“ The Cock.”

5. Balik

“ The Fish or Dra¬

11. It

“ The Dog.”

gon.”

6. llan

“ The Serpent.”

12. Tunghuz

“ The Hog.”

The present year (1874-75) is the year of the “ Dog.” The year be¬
gins and ends in the spring, and is divided into twelve 4 mansions,’ in each
of which the Sun spends a month (the twelve Signs of the Zodiac). These
are known only by their Arabic names at the present day.

The above chronological arrangement of solar years is purely Turkish
(or perhaps Tartar in the extended sense). The Muhammadan lunar years
and months are in more common use now ; the solar ones being only em¬
ployed in calculations of age and in matters where it may be a question of
the season.

Each entire cycle is called a 44 muchal .”

CHAPTER VIII.

DERIVATION Of WORDS.

Fobmation ob Debivation of Substantives.

(a). A noun of the Agent is formed by adding the affix chi to the
Future Participle or to the Infinitive form of a Verb :

[ 72 ]

Ex. : QEL-ghu-chi = a doer.

KTR-mak-chi = a giver.

( b ) . A Noun of Pbofession is formed by affixing chi to the name of
the object used, or of the matter dealt with:

Ex. : miltek-chi = a musketeer.

zakdt-chi = a Custom’s official.

(c) . An Abstbact Noun is formed by the addition of lilc or luh
(with Phonetic variation both of Vowel and Consonant) to an Adjective or
Adverb, or even to another Substantive :

Ex. : Sarigh-liq = yellow-ness.

Tola-lih = much-ness.

Ustdd-lik = art (from ustdd “ artificer,” p.).

Ghvm-rdh-lik = perdition (from gum-rah, “ lost road,” p.).

Also to an Infinitive, or the Verbal Adverb in “ ghuncha .”

ultur-mak-lik = slaughter (from ultur-mak “ to kill).”
ishit-kuncha-lik = worth-hearing-ness.

(d) . A Noun of Obigin is formed by adding lik (or Ink) to the name
of a country or place :

Ex. : Khoqand-liq —a man of Khokand, a Khokandi.

(e) . A Noun of Connection, by adding chan to any word to denote
continuous or frequent connection :

Ex. : aghrik-chan =one who is constantly ill, an invalid.
salla-chan =one who always wears a turban (salla).

(f) . A Noun of Ffllow-ship is made by affixing ddsh or lash (an¬
swering to our “-fellow”)*

Ex. : dtd-ddsh = a brother by the same father (dtd ).
qur8ag-ddsh = a twin (lit. “ womb-fellow”).
ach-ddsh or tabag-dash =a meal-fellow, or one who is a companion
at a meal.

maktab’da8h— school-fellow, (maktdb , “ school,” A.)

(y). A Vebbal Substantive is formed by affixing k, q, g or gh to the
Root, supplying the proper vowel when necessary, before it. The meaning
is either the action of the Verb, or the result of that action :

Ex. : Tirz-w&=an institution (from tuz-mak).

TiTBA-’&=a trembling (from titra-mak “to tremble”).

[AT. B .—That this Substantive is derived from the Verb, and not vice
versd, is shown by the fact that the verbal form derived from tuzuk would
be tiiziik-la-mak, and not tuz-mak , &c. (see “ Formation of Verbs”).]

DERIVATION OP ADJECTIVES.

(a). The Adjective of Likeness is formed by affixing dik (which
is subject to Phonetic variations of the guttural) to a Substantive :

Ex.: qoi-diq = “ sheep-like” (from qdi “ a sheep”)

[ 73 ]

(5), The Adjective of Relation is formed by the addition of the
particle gi or hi to Substantive, Adjective, Adverb or Participle (see pp. 26
and 77 ) :

Ex.: kin-gi— “following/’ “last” (from Mn = rear) ;
yetkan-gi=“ arriving,” or “ which has arrived.”

(c) . The Adjective of Quality is formed by affixing lik (or luk)
(subject to Phonetic variation of guttural) to a Substantive or Participle :

Ex. : Dada-lik haqq= li a father’s right” (fatherly right).

Kajiristan-lik =“ infidel” (said of a whole country) ; from Ka-
Jtristan= l( a land of infidels”.

(d) m A Vebbal Adjective is formed by adding k or g to a Verb Root
(supplying a vowel before it when necessary).

Ex. : aghri-q=z ill, from aghri-maq—to be ill.

to’q = satisfied, from toi-maq—to be content.
tiiz-uk= right, in order, (see p. 53 (f) and note).

(e) . An Adjective of Habit is formed by adding one of the affixes
kak, qaq or chak to the root of a Verb:

Ex. : och-qaq =“ flying about much ;” from dch-maq— u to fly.”
qurq-qaq— u fearing much j” from qurq-maq—to fear.
irin-chak =“ lazy ;” from irin-mak=. u to procrastinate.”

(/). An Adjective or Adverb of Fashion or Mode by adding cha:

Ex. : mazlum-cha chappan~n woman’s robe. Turk-cha min-mah=to
ride as a Turk.

COMPOUND AND DERIVATIVE VERBS.

(a). The commonest compound is the Perfect Participle of one Verb
prefixed to another Verb which completes the meaning, and which is con¬
jugated as may be required.

Ex. : sat-ip almaq =to buy, or take by purchase, (sa£-ip=sold, almaq
=to take).

alip-barmaq = to take away (alip = having taken ; bdrmaq—
to go), contracted in Yarkand to aparmaq.

yetip-qalmaq—to exceed, having reached a limit) ; qaU

maq =to remain (over).

kuyup-birmak—to burn, or “ give over to burning” (kiiyup= ha¬
ving burnt, birmak=to give).*

It will be remembered that the auxiliary bolmaq used in this way
with the Perfect Participle of a Transitive Verb makes a Passive, e. g. 9
qelip-bolmaq =to be done.

(5). Another formation consists of the Present Participle of one

* Birmak “to give”, qoi-mdq “to put”, and some others, are often reduntantly
used in the second place, like the Hind, dena &c.

10

[ 74 ]

Verb before another Verb of different signification, answering to the Eng¬
lish combination of a similar kind.

Ex. : qela-bashlamaq=to begin doing, or “ to begin to do.”

A Verb is formed from a Substantive by affixing la to form the Verb-
root. Verbs thus formed are numerous :

Ex. : ish-la-maq= to work (from ish “ work”).

bdsk-la-maq=-to lead or to begin, “ to head” (from bash “ head”).
A Verb of colour is formed by affixing the syllable V to the adjective
of colour, &c.

Ex. : aq-ar-maq = to become white.

• Qz-ga-r-maq = to change colour (from oz-ga = other).

CHAPTER X.

SYNTAX.

The following are points to be noted :—

1. The nominative or subject generally comes first in a sentence, and
the verb always last.

Ex. : “ Hazbat Sultan shikdr-ga chiqtilar” = u The Sultan went out
to hunt.”

When it is desired to put emphasis upon the subject, it comes imme¬
diately before the verb.

Ex. : “ JBLazrat Sultdn-ga kalima tayiba-ni khwaja khazar dr gat-
tilar.”

viz . “ It was Khwaja Khazar who taught the ‘ kalima tayiba’ to His
Highness the Sultan.”

Literally : “ To His Highness the Sultan the kalima-tayiba (accusa¬
tive) Khwaja Khazar taught.”

2. The usual order of a simple sentence is:

(a). That the accusative or object shall immediately precede the verb
and its adverbs or adverbial expressions, (other cases coming first) :

Ex. : “ Kh'aja Abu-l-Nassar Samani JBLazrat Sultan-ga iman-ni
shul-yer-da orgattilar .”

u Kh’aja Abu-l-Nassar Samani to His Highness the Sultan the
faith (acc.) on-the-spot taught.”

(5). Sometimes the seeming accusative forms really part of a com¬
pound verb, in which case also it immediately precedes it, but without the
mark of the accusative.

Ex. : Bu qirq kishi Hazrat-din BUKHSAT-aZdWtfr. " These forty
persons from His Highness took leave.”

[ 75 ]

The sign of the accusative is also omitted if the sense is indefinite:

Ex.: nan yemak= to eat bread.

(c). Sometimes the accusative is put first for emphasis (viz., out of
its proper place).

Ex. : “ itl DUSHMAtf-HT ara-din yoq-qelmadim”=£ i That enemy from
(our) midst I have not destroyed.”

ttl butkhana-ning tam-i-ni awtoal siz qupar ip-hiring dedwr *,
that idol-temple-of the wall (acc.) first you having raised give, he says
viz. “ He says, you first raise the wall of that idol-temple.”

3. All subordinate clauses, and all sentences which in English would
be joined by conjunctions, in Turki have their respective verbs put in the
form of some Verbal Adjective (generally that in f p), the sense being thus
kept flowing on until the whole of the long chain of sentences is concluded
by a personal Verb :

E. g. Kashqar khalq-i-ni Jcqfir-lar oz din-i-gha Jcirguz-up , it eshak
twiguz gosht-i-ni ye'p, haram harish-ni mubah hil-ip , mutlaq kqfir bol-up ,
qalip ikan.

“ The unbelievers having caused the people of KAshghar to enter into
their own religion, they (the KAshgharis) having eaten the flesh of dogs,
pigs and asses, having considered unclean snakes to be lawful (food), hav¬
ing become unrestrained infidels, have remained (so) [or, have become and
remain unrestrained infidels].”

It will be noticed here that the author has changed his subject or
nominative after the first clause. This is merely due to careless writing,
as we sometimes see in English [e. g. “ Having finished my dinner the
dance began.”] The last verb qal-ip ikan can only by courtesy be called
a personal Verb. Often a speaker begins a string of sentences in the above
form but finding that he has completed the expression of his meaning, he
leaves his speech grammatically incomplete by omitting to add a final per¬
sonal verb.

4. The Genitive precedes the substantive which governs it:

Ex. : u Suxtan-nino dada-8% ” = “ The Sultdn’s father.”

5. The adjective does the same usually, except in Persian or Arabic
combinations.

If the adjective for any reason comes last, the Post-positions, <fcc., are
affixed to it, as being the end of the compound substantive (formed of it
and its noun) :

Ex. : kalima-tayiba-ni .

0. When an adjective is in the Comparative, the object of comparison
precedes it.

Ex. : “ Tash-din yamdn-rdq ” = “ Than a stone worse.”

7. If the sentence predicates a quality of the subject the adjective
or words expressing the quality immediately precede the verb:

t ™ ]

Ex. : “ Sultan-ning dada-si kafir-lik-da task-din ham yaman rag irdi”

Lit. “ the Sult&n’s father in infidelity than a stone even worse was.”

8 . Relative clauses in who or which , are not so expressed in Turki.
They are attached to the substantive to which they refer (preceding it),
and form a compound adjective or subordinate sentence with its verb in the
form of a verbal adjective, generally in gan (if Present or Past) or in durghan
if Future.

(a). Ex. : At-ni sat-ean kishi = The person who sells the horse.
Horse (acc.) selling person

Ebti keta-dubghan hajji = The pilgrim who is going to start
To-morrow about-to-go pilgrim

to-morrow.

If the (English) relative pronoun is in the accusative, dative, &c., still
the Turki form is similar to the above (the sign of the accusative &c., being
omitted), and the verbal adjective may have its subject or nominative
expressed before it (or understood).

Ex. : (In the Accusative) Biz qel-ghan ish-lar = The deeds which

we do.

San kobgan kishi = the person whom thou
sawest (or seest).

(In the Dative) biz bash ub-ghan nima = that to which we strike the
Lit. we head- striking thing

head (bow).

(In the Genitive) Man at-i-ni tjbghan- adam keldi = The
I horse his (acc.) having struck man came
man whose horse I struck came.

At-i tjlghan kishi yighldi-du/r = The person whose horse died, weeps,
horse his having died person weeps

Tush-um-da kobgan sher. Lit. “ in-my-dream-seen lion.”

Viz., “ The lion which I saw in my dream.”

“ NlCHANp YIL-NING BTJ YUZI-GHA BIAZAT WA MASHAKKAT BILAN

tapkan farzand-im .” Lit. " So-many-years-on-this-side-

of-with-self-denial-and-pain-obtained son-of-mine.

viz., “ My son, whom,” &c.

Or, conversely, the rule may be stated thus: The Substantive in Turki
to which is attached (i. e. prefixed) a verbal adjective (indefinite) in gan,
may be either the subject of the action of that verbal adjective, or its object
(direct or indirect) ; and the said verbal adjective may accordingly be ren¬
dered in English, as the context may indicate, either by “ who or which
(does or did) e. g, satkan kishi = the person who sells.”

Or else by “ whom or which (so-and-so does or did)”—e. g. korgan
kishi ea the person whom (so and so) saw, [which may also be translated
“ which was seen (by so and so).”]

[ 77 ]

Or else by “ to whom or to which (so and so does or did)—,” e. g.
bash urghan ni/ma = the thing to which (so and so) bows the head; <fcc., &c.

As in the first case the object may be expressed with its proper sign
before the verbal adjective ( e . g . at-ni satJcan kishi “ the person who sells
the horse ”) thus forming a subordinate clause in the sentence ; so also, in
the latter cases, the subject may be and is generally, prefixed to the verbal
adjective for clearness’ sake, except when otherwise indicated sufficiently
plainly. Thus: mz-qelghan ish “ the deed which we do” (or “ the deed
done by us”) ; san korgan kishi “ the person whom thou sawest” [san-NI
kdrgan kishi would be “ the person who saw thee.”]

But in tush - um-da korgan sher ” the possessive affix urn sufficiently in¬
dicates that it was I that saw the lion, so that it is unnecessary to add the
subject and say “ man. .. korgan .. . ” On the other hand if the lion were the
seer we should say: rnan-m kdrgan sher “ the lion which saw me.”

(5). If the subordinate clause merely predicates the existence of its
subject in a certain relation, so that it has no verb except “to be,” the
Turki language omits the verbal adjective or participle of this verb, and
supplies its place with the particle 1 gi ' or * ki 1 to connect the clause with
its subject, which comes last in order.*

JEx . : “ Tubkistan-tabaf-i-da-gi khalq ,.” Lit. “ Turkistan direction-
in-(being) people.”

viz . “ The people that are in the direction of Turkistan.”

( [c ). To express a simile, the word or the whole subordinate sentence
is connected with its subject by the particle ‘ dik ' = like.

Ex. : “ Dozakh-ning-dabwaza-si-ni achqan- diq aghz .”

Lit. Hell of door its (acc.) having opened like mouth.

viz ., “ a mouth as if opening the door of Hell.”

Likelihood is similarly expressed ;

♦ This syllable gi or Jci takes the place (in sentences where the subordinate verb
is “ to be”) of the indefinite Participle or verbal adjective of that verb. For if the
translation of: “ the lion which appeared in my dream” is tush-um-da kdrdngan sher , then
the translation of “ the lion which is in the jungle” would naturally be “ jangal-da than
sher ” But instead of that they say : il jangal-da-gi sher .” Thus gi takes the place
of than, and the idea is suggested that it may be a contraction of the same. For the
Yarkandis often say ikin for ikan, and I have found one example of this being further
contracted to ’ki. [Ex. bu qai-sipa'ighambar-ning ruh-i ’ki u what prophet’s soul may
this be ?” where the full expression would be “ qai-si pa'ighambar-ning ruh-i ikan.”~\
The quasi-Pronoun Jci (see Pronouns) points to the same derivation. Thus maning-ki
is the idiomatic expression for “ that which is mine but it may be taken as a con¬
traction of maning ikin , which would mean the same. See also “ Derivation of Adjec¬
tives (b)” Jcin-gi, yetkan-gi , &c. p. 73.

Take the following : Turkistdn-da-gi khalq Mussulmdn boldi ; At maning-ki , eshak
saning-ki; Ktn-gi ddam yetmadi ; in each of these cases the word ikin or ikan might be

C 78 ]

Ex. : Biz-ga ham zakat-ndtg stt1bi-:ni tap-qu-diq* lir ish-ni

Us to also customs of merit (acc.) likely-to-obtain one work (acc.)
buyur-mnlar. viz., “ Command to us also some work that may be likely to
command.

obtain (for us) the merit of customs (paying).”

9. A conditional sentence is usually expressed without any ‘ if’ by
putting the verb into the Potential:

Ex. : “ Shul Butkhana-ning tam-i-ni siz quparsa'ngiz .”

Lit. That Idol-temple of wall (acc.) you may raise.

viz., “ If you raise,” <fcc., or “ should you raise,”

10. With the adverb ‘ ilgarV meaning before, the verb (in the form
of the Infinitive Verbal Subst.) is put in the negative:

Ex. : Ul Sultan bu ‘ alam-gha Jcel - MA$-din nichand yil ilgabi :
that Sultan this world to coming not than several years before
English—‘ some years before that Sultan had come into this world/

(Cf. “ avant qu’il ne fut venu au monde.”)

So also with the verbal affix “ ghuncha” “ whilst”, to produce the
meaning ‘ until/

Ex. : mulaqat JoZ-ma-GHTJNCHA= < whilst a visit had not been paid* or

visit being not whilst

4 till a visit was paid/

(Cf. “ tant qu’une visite n ’avait pas ete faite.”)

11. There are two ways of quoting a statement made by another per¬
son (or an opinion ascribed to him), answering to the English forms : ( a )
That which professes to give the very words of the speaker in inverted
commas ; ( b ) 44 He said that” followed by the third person (of the supposed
speaker).

substituted for hi or gi grammatically though not idiomatically : Turhistdn-da ixan
Tchalq Mussulmdn boldi “ the people that are in Turkistan have (has) become Mussulman.’*
“ At maning ixan, eshak saning ixan “ the horse (is) what is mine , the ass what is thine”
Kin ixan Adam yetmadi “ the man who is (or was) behind has not arrived.” (This may
be shown to be grammatically a correct form, by substituting other verbs : e. g. Tur*
Jeistdn-da forGHAN khalq, “the people who stay in Turkistan” ; kin qdlouAN Adam “the
man who remains behind”; maning bole *han dt “ the horse which becomes mine.”) So
that the particle hi or gi in all the meanings described respectively under Pronouns,
p. 26, under Adjectives of Relation, p. 73, and as taking the place of the English relative
pronoun, here p. 77—in all these applications seems to be a corruption of the Participle
ikan or ikin of the verb substantive.

It must not be confounded, as some grammarians have done, with the conjunction
kirn (Persian kih) used in that language and in Osmanli Turkish to supply the place of
a relative Pronoun but which is really a mere “ connective ” having the Personal Pro¬
nouns understood (or expressed) after it. See Forbes’ Persian Gram. § 68: e. g. An kih
chun pistah didam-ABE. hama maghz “ He whom I saw &c.” Lit. u He, that I saw him &c.”

* Here tdp-qu-diq is the Participle of Probability ; so that this sentence is of the
form described above under § 8 (a).

[ 79 ]

(a) . The former is rendered in Turki by prefixing some expression,
such as “ Dedi” or " a'itti kirn” '' he said”, " he said that” (though this is
sometimes omitted) and finishing with the participle " De'p” = “ having
said.’ v These take the place of our inverted commas to mark the beginning
and end of the quotation.

Ex. : Aidelab Al-hamdu-l-Ulah talab-im muyesmr boldi,

They said “ Thank God (the object of) my search has-been obtain
DEP.

ed,” having said.

( b ) . The other form is rendered in Turki by putting the quotation
in the words of the speaker, with this exception that the subject (or nomi¬
native) of the sentence quoted is in the accusative, as being the object of
the governing verb ' he said* or ' he thought.’

Ex. : Sani uldi dedi — He said that thou wert dead.

Lit, thee he died he said.

Which may be rendered, '* he reported thee dead,” or “ he said
(of) thee, he is dead.”

Here " sani” (thee) is governed (in the accusative) by the verb “ dedi”
(he said), while the statement itself is in the actual words of the speaker,
of which the above pronoun in the accusative forms the subject (unless we
may suppose a nominative he understood).

Biz-ni alur-m'ikin dep parwah qelmcn = without fearing lest
us will-they-take having said car© making not

we should take (it).

[Here the biz-ni (acc.) seems to be governed by the '' dep,” and not
by the “parwah qelma'i” which would govern the ablative " biz-din”~\

12. The reflective pronoun oz is used (like khud in Persian, or dp,
apna in Hindustani) instead of a demonstrative or possessive pronoun, to
fix the meaning on the subject of the sentence.

Ex. : Ya'qub oz-i-ning at-i-ni ultur-di = Ya‘qub killed his (own)
horse.

Ya'qub anutg at-i-ni ultur-di would mean : Ya'qub killed his
(viz., some one else’s) horse.

Again : Man sani oz-oNG-mwy ui-ng-da Jcor-dom = I saw thee in thy
(own) house [here the termination ong leaves no doubt of the person].

But, 'Ali Ya'qub-ni oz-i-ning iii-da kordi, is a doubtful phrase; for
though by rights the oz should refer to the subject of the sentence ( ( Ali ),
yet as the accusative “ Ya'qub-ni ” comes so close before, it would probably
be understood to mean: “ ‘Ali saw Ya'qub in his (Ya'qub’s) own house.”
To save the doubt it would be better to put it as follows:

Ya'qub-ni ' Ali oz-i-ning iii-da kordi = Ali saw Ya'qub in his (Ali’s
own) house.

[ 80 ]

While to express the other meaning without leaving a doubt, the re¬
flective pronoun would he dispensed with, and the demonstrative used, viz.

l AU Ya'qub-ni ANING iii-da Tcor-di = Ali saw Ya'qub in his (Ya'qub’s)
house.

It is the same with the other cases (oz taking the proper possessive
affix of the person) : Ex. man oz-oM-m urdum " I struck myself.”

Ya'qub bz-i-din qurqti “ Ya'qub feared (from) himself.”

13. There being no verb " to have,” its sense is expressed by means
of the impersonal verb bdr " there is.”

(a) by putting the subject in the locative :

Ex. : man-da dt bar = there is to me ( i. e. 9 " I have”) a horse.

Padshdh-da ui bar = there is to the king a house, i. e. 9 the king
has a house.”

(&) by putting the (English) subject in the genitive ; and the (Eng¬
lish) object in the possessed form of the proper person:

Ex. : Maning at-im bdr " my horse exists” or " I have a horse.”

Padshah-ning at-i bdr " the king’s horse is (or exists),” i. e.,
u the king has a horse.”

Of course with the addition of the demonstrative pronoun the verb
bar would resume its simple meaning of " is.”

Ex. Bu maning at-im bar = " this is my horse.”

14. The passive forms of intransitive verbs are not impossible in
Turki. Sometimes they are in point of meaning the passive of the cau¬
sative rather than of the primary intransitive verb, which can of course
have no passive logically [See “ Secondary verbs, II,” note at end]. But
often again they take a kind of impersonal sense answering to the French
form in “ on” Thus with bar-maq " to go bar-il-di is its passive past
tense, 3rd person singular. Literally it would be translated “ it has been
gone,” which comes to mean “ one has gone” " on est alle .”

15. The Noun of the agent in chi governs the same case as the pri¬
mary verb, as also do all other verbal forms.

Ex. : jojffab-ni yoq-qelghu-chi. u A destroyer (of) infidels (acc.).

16. To represent the expressions which employ the infinitive in
European tongues, the Turki employs its own infinitive or other verbal
noun as a noun in the accusative or other case.

Ex. : qel-maq-ni Jch'ahlai-man sa I wish to do.

the doing (acc.) wish I

Yelghhn aitmak gunah dur « to tell lies is a sin.

Or the form in gali may be used, answering to English “ in order to.”

Ex. : ultur-gali buyur-di =» he commanded to kill, or y he gave orders
for the killing.

al-ghali Teel-dim = I came (in order) to take.

t 81 ]

17. In interrogative phrases only one syllable or word of interrogation
is necessary. Thus, if the words nima (what ?), qaisi (which ?), or gener¬
ally, any interrogative adverb, appears in the body of the sentence, the final
interrogative mu or ma, or the dubitative m'ikin, is not required. Other¬
wise it is;

Thus : nima bdr “ what is there ?” ; but, shubu bar mu “ is it this ?”

Again : Bu Qai-SI paighambar-ning ruh-i ikin , “ What prophet’s soul
may this be ?”

hut : Bufulan paighambar-ning ruh-i m’ ikin “ May this be such-and-
such a prophet’s soul ?”

End of the Geammae.

11

C 82 ]

APPENDIX.

TRANSLATIONS AND SELECTIONS.

YlBKAHDI TtlBKI VEBSIOtf OP THE LOBD’S PbAYEB.

Eh ! bizlar-ning kok-da-gi dada-’miz,

Oh us of Heaven-in Father-our;

Saning at-ing ulugh bolsun ;

Of thee name thy great he ;

Saning padshahliq-ing kelsun;

Of thee kingdom thy come;

Saning rizaliq-ing asman-da bolghan-dik, yer-da bam bolsun;

Of thee pleasure thy Heaven-in being like earth-in also may it be

Biz-ning azuq-umiz-ni har-kon yet-kuz;

Us-of food our (acc.) each day cause-to-reach;

Biz yam&n-liq qelgban-lar-gba baghishla-ghan-cha gunah-

We bad-ness doers to forgiving-in-the-measure-of sin
imiz-ni bagbisbla;
our (acc.) forgive;

Gunah-boladurghan waqt-ni kursat-ma,

Sin about to be opportunity (acc.) present-not

Magar biz-ni yam&nliq-din qut-qaz;

But us (acc.) bad-ness from protect;

Aning-ucbun-kim padshahliq u kucbluk-lik u roshan-lik san-ga
Of this because that kingdom and power and glory to thee
mango dur. Amin,

evermore is Amen.

[ 83 ]

STORIES

Fbom Fobbes’ Pebsian Gbammab tbakslateb into Tubki.

1. Bir ddam Aflatun-din sur-di Mm : Tola yil-lar Jcima-da iding.

One man Plato-from asked that Many years ship-in thou wert

wu darya-safar-i-ni qel-ding , darya-da nima 9 ajaib-lar kdr-dbng.
and sea-voyage (acc.) thou madest sea-in what wonders sawest-thou.
Jawab aidi* *ajab shubu ir-di Mm darya-din saldmat yaqa-si -
Answer he spoke wonder this very (thing) was that sea-from safely shore its

gha yet-tim.

to I arrived.

2. Bir gadd bir bai-ning darwaza-si-ga bdr-di wu bir-nimaf

One beggar one rich-man-of door his to went and something

tila-di. TJi-ning ich-i-din awaz kel-di Mm: Aghacha ui-da yoq .

asked (for). House of interior-its-from voice came that: Woman house-in not.
Gadd de-di nan% parchasi-ni tila'p-idim , aghacha-ni tila-ma’p -
Beggar said bread piece of it (acc.) asked-for I had woman (acc.) I had not asked
idim Mm shun-dagh jawab tap Mm.

(for) that such-like answer I received.

3. Bir tabib har-waqt qabristan-gha bar-ur bol-sa chadir-i-ni

One doctor every time grave-yard to going might be sheet his (acc.)

bdsh-i-ghayaf-in-ip (yap-in-ip) barur-idi. Adam-lar sur-di-lar kirn: Mu-ning

head his to having-wrapped-himself used-to-go. Men asked that: This of

Babdb-i nima . Tabib aidi: Bu qabristdn-da-ghi iiluk-lar-din uwat -
reason its what (is) ? Doctor said : This grave-yard in being corpses from I-am-
wr-man , aning uchun-kim hamasi maning dawd-im-ni ye'p

abashed, that-of because that all of them of me medicine my (acc.) having eaten

iil-iip-dur.

have died.

4. Bir kon pddshah ughul-i bilan du-gha bdr-di hawa issigh bol-

One day a king son his with hunt to went air hot be-

di; pddshah bilan shah-zada igin-lar-i-ni bir maskharah-ning dalu -

came; king with prince cloaks their (acc.) One jester of shoulder-

si-gha qoi-di : Badshah kiil-di wu de-di : Ai maskharah 8an-da bir

his-to placed; King smiled and said: Oh jester thee on one

eshak-ning yiik-i bdr-dur. Maskharah aidi : Balki iki eshak-ning

donkey of load-his (there) is. Jester said: or rather two donkey of

yiik-i bar dur.

load-their (there) is.

5. Bir duk-adam-gha de-di-lcvr y kim: Tild-r-mu-san Mm scming

One crooked man to they said, that: desirest ? thou that of thee

ucha-ng tughri bol-sun , ya hamah adam-lar-ning ucha-si san-dik

back thy straight should-become, of all men of back their thee like

* Aidi for ait-di from dit-mak.
f Lit. u one what.”

J For ndn-ning pareha-si-ni ,

t 84 ]

duk bolsun — mu. Ul duk de-di , himah kishi-lar-ning ucha-

crooked should become ? That crooked (man) said: all people of back

si man-dik igri bolsun , ul kbz-bilan mani kora-dur-lar man

their me like crooked should become, that eye with me (acc.) they-are-seeing I
ham ular-ni kor-ai.
also them (acc.) may-see.

6 . Bir kon JPadshah bir sha'r-din aghri-di ; jallad-ni biyur -

One day King one poet from was angry; executioner (acc.) he-

di; maning aldi-m-da iil-tiir. Jalldd qilich alip- kel-ga-

ordered of me presence my in kill. Executioner sword having-taken in-order-to

li* bdr-di. Ul sha'r hazir adam-lar-gha de-di; Qilich kel-guncha

come went. That poet present men to said: Sword till-coming

mani musht-la-nglar vm wr-unglar kim Padshah-ning Tcungl-i khush
me (acc.) belabour and beat that King of heart his pleased
bolsun. Bu soz-din Padshah khush bol-up kiil-di wu shaW-ning
may-be. This speech from king pleased having-become he-smiled and poet of
gunah-i-ni ut-ti.

offence his (acc.) passed over.

7. Bir ddam ulugh martaba tap-ti . Bir dost-i ani kor-gali

One man great dignity received. One friend his him in-order-to-see

kel-di. Ul ddam de-di: San kim san vm nima ish-ka kel-

came. That man said: Thou who (art) thou and what business to camest-

ding. Ul dost-i sharminda bol-di wu de-di: Mani tanu-ma
thou ? That friend his abashed became and said: Me (acc.) recognisest not
m’san.f Man saving kadim-gi dost-wng man; san-ga Hza tut-
P thou. I of thee old (adj.) friend thy I (am); thee to condolence in-or-

qali kel-dim ishit-dim kim qarghu bol-up-san.

der-to-offer (hold) I came I heard that blind thou-hast-become.

TRANSLATION OF A PASS-PORT ISSUED IN KASHOHAR.

To

All Road and Station officials at this time.

This notice (is given), that at this season of auspicious arrangement,
Shaw Sahib’s man Rahmat-Ullah, with a horse, is going to Yarkand on ser¬
vice. It is necessary that you, without offering molestation or impediment J
at the road-stations (either) in (his) going or coming, pass him on and

* ATip-kel-mak (lit. having taken to come), t. e., to bring; alip-kel-g ali = in
order to bring.

f Contracted from tanu-mai-musan. Tanu-mak is “ to recognise;” tanu-isan
‘‘thou recognisest” (simple Pres.); tanu-ma’isan is the negative u thou recognisest
not;” tanu-mai-musan is the interrogative “ dost thou not recognise.” See u Verbs
Interrogative.”

J Lit. “ not having made molestation and impediment.”

[ 85 ]

forward him. With this intent,* on the eleventh day of the Holy month
Ramzan 1291, the exalted sign-manual has been impressed.

(on the reverse)

TRANSLATION OF AGREEMENT WRITTEN AT KASHGHAR.

“ The date was one thousand two hundred and ninety, the nineteenth
of Muharram: Malaq, the son of Qabil Bai, made a legal agreement (as
follows) : that on account of contentions (with) my wife Aqlim Bibi, I,
who now agree, having been unreasonable, henceforwardf have undertaken
not to strike or beatj (her) without reason; to give (her) the necessary cost
of living at the (proper) time, and have undertaken not to take any strange
man into the house where my said wife is§ and whenever it shall be known
and proved that I have taken || a strange man into my house into the pre¬
sence of my wife, or have beaten || her without just cause, my said wife
shall be free^f, if she chooses, to give to me the writer of this agreement,
one** bill of divorcement separating herself.”

Agreed to by both parties in Court . (Arabic).

* Lit. “having said” or “signified (thus).’* The usual participle, de’p, which
closes a quotation.

t Mun-din bu-ydn; Lit. “on this side of this (tune).’*

+ Soqmas boldim ; Lit. I have become not-about-to-strike Soqmas is the negative
of Soq-ur (Continuative Participle).

§ Ahl-im bdr iii-ga. The root of the defective verb bar is here used as a Verbal
Adjective.

|| Kirgan-im , soq-qan-im, Verbal Substantives in the possessed form; lit. “my en¬
tering,” “ my striking.” Alip-kirmaJc is a compound verb = “ having taken, to enter”
= “to take into.”

IT Lit. “ having obtained the option, if she pleases, let her &c.”

** One out of the three which Musulman law allows before the divorce is irrevoca¬
ble under ordinary circumstances.

[ 86 ]

OPINION OF ONE OF HIS HIGHNESS THE AMIR OF KASH-
GHAE’S COUNSEL LEARNED IN THE LAW.

Translation.

Case put:

(Whereas) by his statement (it appears) that, as was pre-ordained,
a sum of thirty-three tangas was lost from the house of Sufurgi Bai from
his bed, and afterwards Sufurgi Bai said to (his) wife Ai Kh&n: “ If you
have put away this money, thirty-three tangas, produce it, (and) I will add
twenty-four tangas, and will make a cloak after your heart’s desire and give
(it to you) [or, will cause to be made (for you) &c.] ; (and) if (when) you
have produced the money, I should not add the (other) money and give you
the cloak, and should not stand to my promise, (then) be you thrice divor¬
ced.” Thus he made* conditions.

[Opinion ;]

Under these circumstances, according to the terms of the Holy Law,
the said Ai Bibi may not have produced the money, and Sufurgi Bai may
not have given the twenty-four tangas to the said Ai Bibi; (but) the said
.Ai Bibi does not , by a breachf of Sufurgi Bai’s promise, become divorced
three times as againstj Sufurgi Bai. And God knows best . (Arabic.)

“ That which depends on a condition does not come into operation in
the absence of that condition.” (Qazi Khan.)§

“ That which depends on a condition is wanting previous to the ex¬
istence of the same.” (Nihdya.)§

“ And every thing which depends on a qualification does not come into
operation without the existence of the same.”

[Seal.]

(Doubtful. )§

He who
supplicates the
y'mercy of the Lord of ^
Evidencej|:

Mufti Muhammad,
son of

. Hissamu-’d-din.

* All the verbs, excepting those supposed to be spoken by Sufurgi Bai, down to
this point, are in the Potential form as being dependent on the statement of the
applicant.

t The negative expressed in the concluding verb applies to the preceding clause
also. The phrase might be rendered “ It is not the case that Sufhrgi Bai has broken
his promise, and that (therefore) Ai Bibi has become divorced.”

t Lit. “ to the injury of.”

§ These Arabic quotations are horn the books of expounders of the law brought
in as authorities for the decision come to. The authorship of the last is entered as
“ doubtful.” r

|| Or, “ the manifest Lord.”

[ 87 ]

EXTRACTS

From the Tazkxratu-’l Bughra.

(Literal translation.)

Extract I.

******

One day a disciple* of the holy Abu-an-nasar Samani inquired : “ Oh;
Reverend man, so much goods and wealtht being (in your possession),
why do you {lit. they) carry on commerce ?” he said: Then the holy Kh’a-
jah Abu-an-nasar Sdmani said : “ Oh disciple, you say well; but since I have
come to my wits I have never at any time set aside the traditions of the Holy
Prophet of God. Therefore I do not choose to neglect them (lit. the
neglecting them). When I go out on a journey (lit. in my going out to
a journey) by paying customs (lit. having given customs), I cause advan¬
tage to Musulmans; should I abandon trade I should remain excluded
from the merit of paying customs.”

And again he spoke : “ Oh disciples, have ye not heard this story ?
One day the Prophet of God had sat down in the Blessed Mosque. Several
indigent companions (of the Prophet) came in (lit. having entered, came).
They said : ‘ Oh Prophet of God, other companions (of thine) (who are)
rich, pay customs. To us also command some work that may obtain (for
us) the merit of customs (paying), (that) we also having done that work
may obtain the merit of customs (paying).’ Thus they petitioned (lit.
having said they made petition).

“ The Holy Prophet said: ‘ Oh poor companions, daily the service of
morning prayer having been recited, if you say thirty-three times ‘ Subhdn
UllaJi /’ thirty-three times ‘ Al-hamdu-l Tllah ;’ thirty-three times 1 Alla-
Jiu akbar /’ ten times ‘ La Illaha ill ’ Allah , wahdahu, la-shartka lahu ,
lahu'l-mulhu wa lahu-l-hamdu wa huwa ‘ ala Tculli shai-in qadir,'% ye will
obtain the merit of giving customs. (Thus) saying he commanded.”

“ These indigent companions remained very happy. Some days after
the rich companions having heard, they also recited (the words). These
poor companions having again come into the presence of the Holy Prophet
of God, said: 4 Oh Prophet of God, the rich companions also having recited
the prayers which we have to recite (lit. the us-to-be-recited prayers),
are obtaining the merits of these also!’ thus they represented.

* Here the word disciple” is put in the plural out of respect, although a single
one is indicated by the word bir “ one.” This is a very common usage. Abu-an-
nasar seems to have lived in the 4th century after M uhamma d.

f Lit. “ to that extent goods and wealth having stood.”

t There is no Divinity but Allah alone. He has no partner; Dominion is His,
and praise is His, and His power extends over all. A.

[ 88 ]

“ Then the Holy Prophet said : ‘ Zalika fazl-illahi yutihi man ya-
sha ’ ;* that is: ‘ God the Exalted gives the merit of (paying) customs
to (whatever) servant of His he chooses (lit. to his chosen servant). I,
how shall I do (anything) ?’ Thus he answered.

“ Therefore it is known that in (paying) customs there is exceeding
profit. To this end I have not abandoned commerce/* he said.

Extbact II.

‘ It is that Ahu-an-nasar Samani* said the Holy Prophet of God i who
shall acquire Sult&n Satuq Bughra Khdn for the Faith.’

At once the companions computed the date and wrote ; 1 After the

Prophet of God shall have passed from the world three hundred and thirty-
three years, in the land of Turkistan, one by name the Holy Sultan Satuq
Bughra Khan Ghazi, a noble person, shall come into existence ; at the age
of twelve he shall he acquired to the Faith.’ Thus they wrote.

And again on the spot the Prophet of God spoke : “ Awwalu man asla -
ma min at-Turk ,”f

The meaning of this saying is this : as much as to say that: ‘ from
the direction of Turkistan Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan Ghazi will become a
Musulmdn.’J

So that after a certain period the Holy Kh’ajah Abu-an-nasar S&m&-
ni came into existence in this world ; as he went on reading the revealed
knowledge, he saw this saying : " Awwalu man aslama min at-Turk .” 1 What
sort of a person may this Sultan Satuq Bughra Kh&n he’ he said (to him ,
self). Without having seen him he began to love him.

He looks § at the date ; hut little (time) remains to the coming into
existence of the Holy Sultan. His love and friendship coming off victorious
he started on a journey ih search of the Sultan, in the direction of Turkis¬
tan.

* # # # #

Extbact III.

The Holy Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan Gh&zf entered the twelfth year
of his age. || Until that (time) the Holy Suit&n was in appearance an
infidel.

* Lit. “ That is the grace of God which fells upon whomsoever He chooses.” A.

f Lit. “The first who professed Isl&m among the Turks.” A.

J This is of course a very free rendering by the pious historian, for in the Pro¬
phet’s traditional saying no name is reported.

§ Lit. “ he might look,” Pres. Pot. But this tense is used in an historic sense
like the “ historic present.”

|| He appears to have been the son of a King of Kashghar of the family of the
mythic Afrasiab.

[ »9 ]

One day the Holy Saltan went out a-hunting. Going along hunting
he arrived at a place called Baqu in Lower Artush . He looked ; (and saw
that) several men of pleasing appearance and of pure disposition had encamped
on a grassy spot. The Holy Sultan, with his companions, started in the di¬
rection of these travellers.

Having looked, they were astonished saying : “ In these cities there

were not (ever) such people, such men. What people are these ? Come !
let us go and see.” (Thus) saying they moved on.

But these travellers* were the Holy Kh’ajah Abu-an-nasar Sam&ni
(and his company). Abu-an-nasarf looksJ : several horsemen are coming.
They came near. He looks (again) : it must he the Holy Satuq Bughra
Khan (whose mention he had) seen in the History (of the Prophet’s say¬
ings).

On seeing (him) Abu-an-nasar said : “ Thanks be to God, (the object
of) my petition has been obtained,” § and he rejoiced exceedingly.

Immediately he said to his servants : “ The Lord of the present and

future worlds, (the object of) my desire comes. Or rather, the reason of
my coming to this country was because of this noble person. Oh servants!
leave the baggage open,” (so) saying, with Abu-an-nasar leading, all the
travellers stood up to prayer. Having finished their prayer, they came
back to their places and sat down. Till that time the Sult&n remained on
the hack of his horse.

The Sultan, astonished, said: “(These) are|| wonderful travellers;
without caring for us, leaving their baggage open, they have become occu¬
pied in striking their heads on the ground.”

He was (saying) these words, (when) Abu-an-nasar came seven steps
of ground into the presence of the Sultan, and made a salutation. The
Sultan, getting off his horse, went to meet the Kh’ajah Abu-an-nasar. The
Kh’ajah invited^ the Sultan and brought (him) with honour and respect
to the place (where he was) sitting; bringing out his best goods by pairs
to the Sult&n, he placed these choice things in (his) presence.

Then the Sultan with heart and soul accepted (the attentions of) the

* Karwcm is used in Central Asia to mean one of the persons composing what we
should call a “ caravan,” and not to mean the entire assemblage, as is indeed evident
from the word in the text being in the plural.

f The long titles are omitted for brevity.

X The “historic present.”

§ The word “ de’p” (having said), which comes in here, may be taken as answer¬
ing to our inverted commas.

|| Duk for dur (respectful form).

H Talclif qelmdq, a common Oriental expression for “ to invite”. Cf. French “ don-
nez vous la peine d’entrer.”

12

[ 90 ] .

Kh’&jah. As it was in the Sultan’s mind, (that) the Holy Khizar had
said some one should be produced who should teach him Musulmanism, *
he doubted whether this might not be the very person. He asked : 44 What
(is your) name” ? Then the Kh’ajah answered 44 my name is Abu-an-
nasar Samani.”

The Sultdn recognised that this must be the person spoken of by
Khizarf (on whom be peace). J He rejoiced and said : “ Oh father, what¬
ever you may say I will agree to. But, while we sat by on horseback, you
left your baggage open, without fearing lest we should take (it), and be¬
came busied in striking your heads on the ground. We know you not.
Tell us the truth of these proceedings of yours.” (Thus) he spoke.

Then the Kh’ajah said: 44 Oh, Prince, in this world there is not an
abiding world. Every one will go from this world ; money, goods, riches,
will not satisfy men ; but rather by reason of money and goods men be¬
come captive to Hell. And again, we all are about making a journey from
this world to the next, we have made ready the provisions and accoutre¬
ments (fitted) to a person who is travelling from this world.” (Thus) he
answered .

The Sultan having heard this speech from the Kh’&jah, a fear was
produced in his heart.

He said : “ Oh Kh’ajah, what dost thou say (when) about to become
a Musulman ; I also will say it and become a Musulman.”

The Holy Kh’ajah said: 44 Repeat the Kalimah tayibdh 4 La llaha
UP Allah , Muhammadu Rasul TJllati (there is no Divinity but Allah, Mu¬
hammad is the Messenger of Allah), (and) the Kalimah-i-Shahadat 4 Ash-
hadu an Id llaha ill * Allah , wu ashhadu anna Muhammadan ’abduhu wu
Rasuluhu ’ (I testify that there is no Divinity but Allah, and I testify that
Muhammad is his servant and his messenger).”

The Sult&n said the 4 Kalimah-i-Shahddat (the declaration of testi¬
mony) and the 4 Kalimah tayibdh? (the beautiful declaration).

Then he asked: 44 Who is the person (you) call Muhammad ?” The
Holy Kh’&jah said: 44 (He who is) called Muhammad (is) the friend of
God. God the Exalted has created this world and the next for the sake of
that Muhammad. He, on the Day of Judgment, shall release sinners from

• This barbarous compound exactly represents the equally barbarous compound in
the text. The entire phrase is literally: 44 .. some one having been produced, that
some-one shall teach me Musulm&nism.”

t The oriental name of the Prophet Elias, whose apparition to Sult&n Satuq is
related in a previous chapter of the Tazkiratu-’l-Bughra.

J This clause is followed by the inevitable 44 de’p” referring to words not spoken
but thought.

C 91 3

Hell, and take them to Paradise. The Faith of that Muhammad is right,
and his laws (are) right; (they) are not like the laws of other Prophets.
The laws of other Prophets are abrogated.* Whoever walks in the path
trodden by Muhammad he shall attain his desire and wish.” Thus he de¬
scribed the Messenger of God.

Then the Sultan said to the Kh’&jah : “ Oh (thou) who showest the
way to those who have lost itf, if there he any other thing to be taught
(to teach) besides the declaration of testimony, teach (me) ; that I also
having learnt (it) may busy myself about the service of God.”

*****

Extract IV.

The Holy Sultan having called one by one the forty persons save one,
(and they) having come, he said r “ Oh friends, if you choose to maintain
friendship with me, like me become Musulm&n. The Faith of the Holy
Muhammad, the Messenger of God, is the greatest of all Faiths J, and the
most distinguished. Into this Faith enter ye. (Thus) he exhorted (them).
*****

Extract V.

The Holy Sult&n Satuq Bughra Khan’s (step) father§ H&run Bughra
Khan was even worse than a stone in infidelity. His army was numberless.
By his sagacity he became aware that Sultan Satuq had become a Musul.
man, but, moreover, in order to convince himself the better, he told no one.||

*****

Extract VI.

He formed the project of killing the Holy Sult&n. The SuMn’s mo¬
ther having understood this matter, complained, and said : “ Oh infidel!
why dost thou slay my son, obtained after so many years of mortification
and pain ?” With such words she intervened. 7

* The text says ‘ abrogated and false,* but the Musulman trans¬

criber refused to copy the word cl&b b ‘ false,* saying this would be wrong theology,
as the laws of Moses and Christ are only superseded by the laws of Muhammad, but are
not false in themselves! However, the word JLb b has the meaning ‘ obelisked * as well
as * false'

f Lit. “ Oh shower (of) the road to the road-losers.** \

t A good example of the Superlative.

§ He seems to have married Satuq* s mother after the death of her former husband,

Satuq’s father, and become King in his place.

|| Lit. “ With sagacity he ascertained the Sultan’s becoming a Musulm&n. But,
moreover, query that it may be better known, (thus) saying (to hims elf),* * &c.

H Lit. “ Descended in the midst.**

[ 92 ]

Harun Bughra Khan’s anger having arisen, he said : “ Oh woman !*
(your son) having deserted our faith, the friendship of Muhammad has
prevailed (with him).”

She replied : “ Oh infidels, try my son and observe ; if he has entered
the faith of Muhammad, then kill (him).” This proposal was accepted by
Harun Bughra Khan.

# # * * § # #

Extbact VII.

H&run Bughra Khan, having consulted with all the chiefs, said: “ Let
us build an idol-temple.” They made ready the bricks, and sent some one
to call the Sultan. He came.

Harun Bughra Kh&n said : “ Oh child, we are doubtful whether you
have not left our faith, and entered the faith of Muhammad. ”f

The Sultan, after the manner of the infidels, tookj an oath. Harun
placed no confidence (in it).

He said: “ Oh child, I place no confidence in this oath of yours. We
are building an idol-temple. If you raise the wall of this idol-temple, I
shall believe (you).”

The Holy Sultan arose in haste, § and reflected saying (to himself)
(i How shall I act ?” He consented, but became sad and perplexed.

Extbact VIII.

He went into the presence of the Holy Kh’d-jah, and said: “ Oh
venerable one! H&run Bughra KMn suspects my having become a Musul-
man. In order to try me, I believe he is about building || an idol-temple.
He says : ‘ Do you first raise the wall of that temple.’ If I agree, I shall
depart from the Faith of Islam and fall into infidelity.^ What counsel is
there for me.”

The Holy Kh’&jah said : Oh child ! in order to preserve themselves**

* Mazlbm , lit. “ oppressed one,” is used in Kdshghar, &c., instead of the word
M woman.”

t Lit. “ You (acc.) we doubt, saying: from our faith having gone out, he has
entered into the faith of Muhammad,”

J Lit. “ drank an oath,”

§ Lit. u running arose.”

|| Ita-dwr-mi&h (the Hear-say Compound Present) “ he is understood to be about
building,” or “ I believe he is about building.”

IF Lit. Having gone out from the Faith of Isl&m, I am about entering into in¬
fidelity.”

** Muhdjizat qelmdq and sdqlamdq are identical in meaning; one expression being
half Arabic and the other Turki,

[ 93 ]

many people have held it lawful to do forbidden acts. If in laying out the
wall you lay it out with the (mental) purpose, saying (I intend this as)
a mosque, certainly in the presence of God you will obtain merit, (and) you
will be delivered from the evil*designs of the infidels. Be not over-much
afflicted. ,,#

The Sultan Satuq having heard these words, rejoiced (and) returned
home.

In the morning (when) the sun rose Harun caused to make proclama¬
tion, saying : “ Let all the troops and chiefs assemble at the place (where)
the temple is to be built.” All the infidels assembled at the place (where)
the temple was to be built.

Harun having sent and fetched the Holy Sult&n, said : “ Oh child ! if
you are of our faith, do the same works that we do. What we bowf the
head to, do you also bow (your) head to. We, this day, are building a
temple. Do you first, leading, place the bricks; our heart will at oncej be¬
come at ease.”

The Holy Sultan said : “ Very well,” and of his own accord tucking
up the front § (skirt of his robe) to his waist, and turning up the sleeve of
his fore-arm, with all his friends, (forming) the (mental) intention of
(building) a mosque, lifting up the bricks by twos, he went and took and
deposited them at the place for building the idol-temple.

The third time he had gone to take|| a brick, Harun called out say¬
ing ; “ Oh, my child! my son ! stop; more than this it is not in my
power to cause your body to work.^f Even now there was an object of
mine in my causing you to do thus. Now my heart has become at ease.
Now whatsoever you may please, (that) do.”

Having said (this) the whole of his troops returned and settled down.

#######

Extract IX.

The Sultan, having spent half the night, went with those forty persons
less one into the presence of the Holy Kh’ajah.

“ Oh Venerable one ! . If you give me the advice, I will make an

assault and have a hit at** the infidels. Perhaps God the Exalted will give
us victory.”.

* Fareshdn for pareshdn.

t Lit. “ The we-bead-striking thing.”

J Literally, “on that (spot).’*

§ Fesh for pesh.

|| Lit. “ saying ‘ I will take/ ”

IT Lit. “ there is no power of mine to the causing to work your body (acc.)”

** Tig-male means “ to hit” as a bullet hits the mark, or as a horse-load hits against
a rock.

[ 94 ]

Extract X.

The Holy Kh’&jah and the Sult&n, with all their friends, arose and
set out.

They arrived at the palace of H&run Bughra Khan. The Holy Kh’&-
jah raising his hands made a prayer : “ By Thy Divine grace and favour
give the infidels a deep sleep, and to the Musulmans give victory.” Thus
he prayed. At that moment, in fulfilment of the Holy Kh’ajah’s prayer,
(God) gave to the infidels such a (deep) sleep, that one might seize one
(of them) by the waist and drag him out,* * * § (and) none of the others
would be aware of it .

#####•

Extract XI.

The Sult&n Satuq, dismounting from his horse and baring his sword,
entered Harun’s palace.

He looks, Harun Bughra Kh&n remains asleep. One of his servants
sits attending to the lamp.

He raised his sword to cut off Harun’s head.f Again it came into
his heart that the killing of an enemy in his sleep is the part of a coward. J
i It is best to awaken this infidel from his sleep, and exhort him to the
Faith. §’

Again he paused and said : “ However much an infidel he may be, I
have eaten his salt. I will respect the claim of salt.”

Thus saying, he touched his leg with the point of his sword, and said :
“ H&run Bughra Khan! ” Awaking suddenly he looks ; (and behold) Sul¬
tan Satuq Bughra Khan, with his drawn sword presented at his head,
stands there.

This infidel said: “ Oh Sult&n Satuq, having all this wealth, for what
reason doest thou such a deed.”

Then the Holy Sultan replied : “ Oh infidel! The best of deeds is
this, that thou do what I do. Arise, the time is short. Consider (this)
opportunity (as) valuable. Say this holy profession of faith : ‘ there is no
Divinity but Allah, Muhammad (is) the Messenger of Allah.’ Repeat
(it)” he said.

That luckless infidel consented not. However much the Sultan insist¬
ed, this hellish (one) consented not, guided by God to become a Musulman.

* Lit. “ Having seized by the waist of one (of them), (any one) would be likely
to drag him out.”

f Lit. “ Saying ‘ I will cut off* &c.”

J Lit. “ Comes out from un-manliness.”

§ Lit. “ That is the good (course) that having awakened thw infidel from his sleep,
I should make him desirous of the Faith.”

[ 95 ]

The Sultan several times brandished his sword to cut off his head.* * * §
Again he considered : “ I have eaten his salt, he has a father’s claim,” and
returned his sword. Finally having brought his hundred desires to the
threshold of God, (who is) beyond (all) desire, he prayed saying: “ Oh
great God ! Thou seest the state of all creatures, (and thou hast seen)
how many times I raised my sword to cut off his head, but respected his
father’s claims and the claim of the salt. Although there may be (this)
father’s claim (on me), oh God, by thy avenging attributes, cause this in¬
fidel to be swallowed in the earth.” Thus he prayed.

The Holy Sultan’s prayers were accepted; the earth trembled, the
earth was split, and swallowed up Harun Bughra Khan to the knees.

The Holy Sultan said: “ Oh infidel, seest thou what has happened, f
Come ! profess the Faith. J I will pray for thee.§ Free thyself from this
evil.” Thus he exhorted.

That wretch replied: “ It is better for me to enter into the earth than
to enter into thy religion.” || So he consented not.

(The earth) swallowed him in up to the neck. Still he consented not.
The Sultan’s wrath arose. Again Jie prayed. The earth swallowed up
Harun Bughra Khan, and he was not.

At that auspicious moment a ray of light proceeded from the dawning
of day. The Holy Sultan exclaimed : “ Beat the drum of Islam in my
name ; go forth and say, that it is (now) the rule of Sultan Satuq Bughra
Khan Ghazi. Shout loudly the invitation to prayer.” Thus he issued his
commands.

Extbact XII.

The Holy Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan, at the age of twelve and a half,
became occupied in wars of religion. During the summer he made war on
the infidels. In winter-time he performed the service and worship of God
the Exalted.

The Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan Ghazi until his ninety-sixth year, as
far as the Biver Amu that is before Balkh^f on this side towards sun-

• “ Saying, I will cut off his head.”

f Lit. u this state of affairs.”

t Lit. “ bring faith.”

§ Lit. “ to thee.” But “du l d” must be understood as a prayer to God, or inter¬
cession.

|| Lit. “ my entering the earth is better, &c.”

If Lit. “ the in-front-of-Balkh river Amu.”

[ 96 ]

rising* * * § as far as the place called “ Karat” on the north as far as the place
called “ Qark-qurdum”t [sic] (the said) Sultan, having converted the infi¬
dels to Islam by his sword, established the laws and religion of the Holy
Muhammad, the Messenger of God, and gave them currency.

. They buried the Holy Sultan at a place called Mashhad in Low¬
er Artush, in (the country of) Kashqar.

. At the time of the Holy Sultan’s leaving this world, the date

was four hundred and twenty-nine. J.

Extbact XIII.

The King Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan Gh&zi had§ four sons and three

daughters. The name of one (of the) daughters (was) . *Ala-nur

Khanem. Now ‘Ala-nur Khanem was a sainted lady || of very pure appear¬
ance and chaste disposition, of right faith and firm belief^”; and her story
is like that of the Blessed Mary [may peace be with her]. In this wise :
that when she had arrived at maturity, one night she was worshipping God
the Exalted ; the Holy Gabriel [on whom be peace] came and distilled a
drop of light into her sacred mouth.

Fainting she lost her consciousness. Again she returned to life.

Another tradition is, that one night she was going out to the door.
At the door (behold) a lion is standing. At the sight of the lion the per¬
spiration bedewed (her brow). Her consciousness forsook her ; again she
returned to life. After many days, after many months, on the tenth of
the month Ashur, on a Friday at the time of assembly for prayer, a son
came into existence, of ruddy countenance, with the eyes of a gazelle.

Great and small, all remained in wonder, saying: “ What manner of
an occurrence is this ?” The king in anger commanded, saying : “ Ascer¬
tain the truth of this matter.”

The nobles, the learned, and great men, questioned ’Alanur Khanem.
She related the circumstances one by one. The assembled sagacious and
wise men, and the learned and great, full of awe, exclaimed : “ It is the
Holy ‘All.”

* Probably for Jeon qiah (which has no sense), should be read Icon chiqiah which
has the sense given above. Otherwise it might read “ as far as Kun-qish KardJc .”

f The whole passage is confused in the original as is shown in the translation.

% Answering to A. D. 1037. The dates given agree with the age ascribed to
Satuq Bughra Khan when he died, viz. 96 years. He is said to have been bom in
A. H. 333, and to have died in A. H. 429.

§ Lit. “ of the king.... there were four sons,” &c.

|| ZaHfa is used as a term of respect equivalent to “ lady”; and marhum is used of
the faithful dead.

H Lit. “ mistress of certainty,”

/

[ 97 ]

Deriving the lineage from that Holy personage, they named him say.

ing: “ Let his name be Sayad t Ali Arslan* Khdn .

After the Royal Prince Sayad ‘All Arslan. Khdn had reached the age
of seven, (they) married ‘Ala-nur Khanem to Toq Buba Bughra Khan
according to law. From them were bora three sons ; these aref Muham¬
mad Arslan, Yusuf Arsl&n (and) Kizil Arsldn Khdn Pddshah.

Extbact XIV.

It is related by tradition that the Holy Sultdn Satuq Bughra Khan’s
eldest son Hassan Bughra Khan was king at Kashqar. At that time Juqta
Rashid and Nuqta Rashid , Jigdlu-dlkhalkhdl% of China, came with an
army of thirty thousand, and beleaguered the city of Kashqar for a certain
time.

In the scarcity when the Musulmans became straitened, having dis¬
tributed all the provisions (of every sort),§ these did not suffice, and they
were reduced to the last extremity. Lest he should become || answerable
for (the deaths of) these Musulmdns, Hassan Bughra Khdn (together with)
Yusuf Qadir Khdn, Sayad ‘All Arslan, with all their nobles, taking a force
of forty thousand (men), issued out of the city and. drawing up their army,
stood fast. The infidels also drew up their Hne of battle and stood.

They threw themselves on the infidels, and dispersed^ them. The in¬
fidels in flight went to the town of Yangi-Hissar.

Extract XV.

The Holy Sayad ‘AH Arsldn, taking a force of ninety thousand (men),
pursued the infidels. Fighting with them as they went, he joined battle with
them at a place called TJrtang Qara (the Black Station). Here also there were
several thousands of infidels. Attacking them, he caused the blood of the
infidels to flow like the River Jaihun.** Sword and battle-axe had no effect
on the Holy Prince. The infidels remained in astonishment. The Jigalu-
alkhalkh&l said : “ Sword and battle-axe have no effect at all on him ; no¬
thing pierces him. How may (one) do (that) a sword shall pierce the

* Arslan means ‘ lion,* referring to the story of his birth.

f Duk for dur is a respectful form.

t I venture to suppose that this word (unknown to those natives of Turkistan
whom I have consulted) is a corrupted Chinese or Kalmak name of some dignity or
office.

§ Lit. “ Water and food.”

|) Lit. “ Saying, ‘ Let me not be answerable for these Musulm&ns.’ ”

If Fardkanda for pardkanda,

** The Oxus. Lit. “ From the infidels he caused to flow a Jaihun of blood.”

18

[ 98 ]

Holy Prince ? Whoever may be likely to give intelligence (of) this, I will
give (him) the equivalent of his (own) stature (in) gold.” Thus he pro¬
mised.

At that time there was an old man of Uj&t* amongst the infidels.
He said : “ I will accomplish this work.”t

He betook himself with guile to the army of Isl&m. For several days
he went to and fro in the army, (and) entered into the service of the
Prince’s kitchen. No one paid any attention to him.

One day (the Prince) had returned from the holy fight and sat down.
He related several occurrences of the fight, and (the man of Ujat) having
praised and commended the Prince*, asked a question, saying : “ Oh Prince,
Kefuge of the World, sword and battle-axe have no effect on your High¬
ness. What circumstance is this ?”

The Holy Sayad ‘AH Arsl&n in his good-humour, said : “ At no time
does a sword or battle-axe pierce me. Except (that) when I stand up to
prayer, my body becomes water ; at that time if (any one) were to strike
me with a reed (even) he would pierce (me).” (The old man) was going
about attentive (to discover) what (was) the case and what (were) the cir¬
cumstances of this magical power. He heard this speech from the gem¬
scattering (lips) of the Holy Prince ; no one became aware of the matter.

This traitor, having gone out from the midst of the army, told (the)
good news to the Jagalu-dlkhalkhal of China. This infidel rejoiced and
gave much gold and jewelry to this traitor.

• • • • •

Extract XVI.

One day they were calling to morning prayer. The 'Musulmins as¬
sembled and stood in rows. They performed the instituted rites ; and say¬
ing the TaJcbtr $ for the religious duty, they arose to prayer.

The Surah § (beginning) “ Verily we have given” was in the mind of
the Mulla Im£m.|| But “ Verily we have granted a victory”^ came to
his mouth.

* I am informed by a resident of Khotan that XJjdt is a village near the capital of
that province; and that, in connection with the occurrence mentioned in the text, there
is still a saying current applied to a disloyal or treacherous person: “ He is an Ujat-
lig” See note at end of this Translation. In Eastern Turkistan the word Kamptr
used in the text, generally means an old woman. Perhaps it should have been translated
so here,

f Lit. “ the work (acc.) of this.”

J The words “ God is greatest” with which the prayers begin.

§ Chapter of the Korin. The chapter beginning thus is the 108th, a short one.

|| The Mulla who leads the prayer.

IT This is the beginning of the 48th chapter of the Korin. The verse quoted be¬
low is the 28th-29th of the same chapter.

[ W ]

The infidels were on the alert; they considered the opportunity valua¬
ble. Entering (the field) rank on rank they sent the Musulmans to mar¬
tyrdom ; and just as they (the worshippers) reached this verse—“ and God
is a sufficient witness, Muhammad is the Messenger of God”—a sword
struck the sacred head of the Prince. The head was severed from the
body. From the sacred head of the Prince there came a voice :

“ Well, it is a careless Mulla” it said.

His proper name was “ Mulla ‘Alam.” The nick-name “ Kh’&jah
Be-gham” (careless Kh’&jah) became affixed to him.*

#######

Extract XVII.

The infidels urged their horses against (the Prince’s) household.
These (men) stood still and fought. They made over ever so many infidels
to Hell. The attacking infidels finally made martyrs of them.

Then the Lady Mariam Khanem, with several (of her) maids, draw¬
ing a sigh of grief, entered the battle. They sent five and twenty infidels
to Hell. The unbelievers came on to the attack. She looked at the earth
(for help). The earth split; at that moment she entered the earth and
disappeared. After that they slew the maids.

«*••*##

Extract XVIII.

The Holy Hassan Bughra Khan Gh&zi, the Holy Isan Bughra Kh&n
Ghazi, the Holy Yusuf Qadir Khan Ghazi, these Princes entered the plain.
Killing infidels, they made the blood to flow (like the Biver) Jaihun ; they
cut (them) in pieces, and took their goods as booty.

Juqta Bashid and Nuqta Bushid, Jigalu-alkhalkhal of China, with a
force of twelve thousand (men), fled. (The Princes) pursuing after, reach¬
ed (the place) called KuJcidr.\ There they fought for seven nights and
days. Many Musulmans became martyrs. With all this fighting, (mat¬
ters) did not come right. Othman Bughra Khan, a son of the Holy Sul¬
tan, with sixty persons, met with martyr’s deaths. The infidels, fighting
as they went, retreated to a town of China.

• A certain “ JETazrat Beg am ” is reverenced as a local saint at Qizil. I was much
exercised at hearing this saint spoken of as a man; whereas the title would mean “the
Holy Princess.” But perhaps it is the “ Kh’ajah Bdgham" of the text, who has been
converted by local superstition into a saint, like Pilate.

f The last village on the winter route to Tibet, south of Yarkand.

[ 100 ]

Extract XIX.

The Holy Yusuf Qadir Khan Ghazi and the Holy Masson Bughra
KMn Gh&zi came to the town of Ydrkand and dwelt (there). They per¬
suaded the people towards Isl&m. By the point of the tongue* they be¬
came Musulm&ns, and professed the Faith. The people made an offering
of their money and goods, their lives and bodies. They gave all of them
to the poor.

On behalf of this people (the Princes) prayed for a blessing. All the
Musulmans said ‘ Amen.’ The prayer on behalf of these Musulm&ns (con¬
verts) met with acceptance. It is said that by virtue of this prayer the
city of Yarkand shall never he destroyed.

# • • • • •

Extract XX.

Then they came to the place (where) the Holy Sayad Prince *AU

Arslan Khan Ghazi (had been) martyred.The Holy Sultan Hassan

Bughra Kh&n Ghazi having bared his head, and fixingf his eyes on Hea¬
ven, opened his hands{ and prayed. The Musulmans said ‘ Amen.’

The prayer was as yet not finished when a dark whirlwind arose. It
was as if the sky and the earth were about to become one.§

After a short space of time the storm passed away. The world be¬
came bright (again). They look ! (and behold) sand has settled over the
martyrs ; salt has settled on the infidels. For that reason they gave (to
the place) the name “ Qum Shahidan” (martyrs* § sand).||.

• # # #

.After this (the Sultan Hassan Bughra Khan) arose with all his

troops and set out for Kashqar. He went and sat on his throne. The
whole people of Kashqar, weeping tear upon tear,^[ like the rain of early
spring, made mourning (for ‘All Arslan).

.They say it was in the year four hundred and eighty-nine,** the

tenth of the month ‘Ashur, a Friday,ft (that) the Prince Sayad ‘All Arshin

* As distinguished from the “ point of the sword.”

f Lit. “Sewing.”

} In the manner usual in the Musulmin’s prayers.

§ Lit. “ It became as if about to make the sky the earth, and the earth the sky.”

|| Still known by that name, to the South-East of Yangi-Hissar.

IT lit. “ Lamentation and lamentation.”

** A. D. 1095.

ft This date of the month and week seems to be ascribed as a matter of course to
every event of any importance or solemnity, Ashur is really not a month, but the
tenth day of the month Muharram.

[ 101 ]

Kh&n Gh&zi partook of the Sherbet of Martyrdom, drank the purifying
draught and became a martyr.

• # # •

Extract XXI.

It is related that these Princes, (namely) the Sult&n Hassan Bughra
KMn Gh&zi, the Prince Isan Bughra Khan, the Prince Hussain Bughra
Khan, and the Prince Yusuf Qadtr Khan, sat on the throne of sovereignty
for twelve years.

In their time if they saw or heard of any one not dressed in a turban,*
they used to drive an iron nail into his head. (The state of) cultivation
was such that no one would take a ‘ charah ’ of grain (if offered) for a
“pul” t.

Extract XXII.

These Princes were sitting on the throne of abundance (when) it was
reported to the Maul&na Sa‘id of KashqarJ that one hundred persons, with
their three chiefs, were coming as Ambassadors from Turkistan.

“ Let them enter” said the king.

Kh’ajah ‘Abdu’llah of Turkistan (and) Kh’ajah Abu-Bakr of Tash-
kand entering kissed the earth in several places and stood up.

The king (said) : “ May you not suffer fatigue or hunger ! What is
your condition ?§ Ye have suffered|| privation and trouble.” Thus he
questioned them.

• They also having made obeisance said: “ Oh King, Protector of the
World, the land of Turkistan has lapsed into infidelity. We have come to
ask for the intercession of Your Highness.” Thus they petitioned...

These Princes having gathered together a countless host beyond all
reckoning, rode into Turkist&n.

When they had reached Turkistan,^]" all the people, great and small,
of their own accord, came and professed obedience. They were collected
together at the king’s gate.

* Lit. “ turban-not-putting on person.” EUma-gan is the negative Indefinite
Participle of the verb KUmak.

f A modem “ch&rak” of grain is about 15 Jibs., and a “pul” is about the tenth
part of a penny.

t Lit. “ They gave news to the Maulana.... saying: 1 one hundred persons....

§ Nihdling for Ni halting “ what (is) your condition.”

U Lit. “ drawn out.”

IF The town and district called “ Hazrat Turkistan” or “ Hazrat Sult&n” after
the Saint “ Sult&n Ahmad Yas&wi,” whose shrine is mentioned below. It lies north
of T&shkand, in what is now Russian Turkist&n.

[ 102 ]

After this the Holy Sult&n, having made a procession round the shrine #
of the King Kh’&jah Ahmad Yasdwi, prepared food and drink, and gave
(it) to his army.

The Holy Sultan remained during that summer and winter, and con¬
quered the whole of Turkist&n and Tashkand. The nextf year he again
rode forth.

He went through city by city, tribe by tribe, striking with his father’sj
sword, walking in his ways, and alighting in his alighting places. Having
defeated the infidels from the River Amun§ to the Sea Qulzum as far as
Qurdum||, by the gleam of his sword Islam became refulgent, and the
pathway of the commandments was opened. The Faith of Islam (and)
the religion of Ahmad [Muhammad] were firmly established. Up to this
time several years passed. They then consulted, saying : “ Let us return
to the land of Kashqar. News has come that the land of KAshqar is
drowned in infidelity.”^

Immediately they made proclamation on proclamation saying: “ Let
the army be assembled.” The army was assembled.

The Sultan Hassan Bughra Khan said to the Prince Yusuf Qddir
Kh&n: “ Go you to Madain, make petition to the Holy Imams, saying :
the land of Kashkar has gone over to infidelity we believe. We desire
help from Your Holinesses.” Thus make your petition, he said.

The Prince Yusuf Qddir Khan went to Madain.** The King Hassan
Bughra Khan came with seventy thousand men and sat down to besiege
the city of Kashqar. They killed all these infidels, and made blood to flow
(like the River) Ja’ihun. The Musulmans met with victory.

The infidels having brought over the people of KAshqar to their ‘own
faith, (these) had eaten the flesh of dogs, asses and pigs, (and) considered
unclean snakes to be lawful (food) ; (thus) they had become and remained
unrestrained infidelsft.

• “ M&z&rdt-lar” a double plural of respect,
f “ Sung-q?' — il &ge-walla” (Hind.)

J Jdfib for chdpib ; fadar iorpadar , P.

§ For Amu (the Oxus).

|| Qulzum means the Red Sea usually, but also any other sea,, or lake. Qurdum
means in Turki a place where waters disappear in the soil. {Qurdum Qaq is the name
given to the district where the Yarkand River disappears after stagnating in lakes and
marshes.) But this Qurdum is perhaps the same as the Qara (black) Qurdum mention¬
ed in Ext . ~XTT, and is perhaps intended for the Kara-koram of Chingiz-Khan (by an
anachronism.)' However, from what comes after, it might be thought that all these
places should be in Western Turkistan.
f The Hear-say Tense in mish.

** Identified with the old city of Ctesiphon, on the Tigris,
ft A good instance of the favourite Turki formation of sentences.

[ 103 ]

From the side of the infidels Juqta Rashid entered the plain. From
the side of the Musulm&ns the Prince Isan Bughra Khan entered the plain,
and showed forth his bravery. He declared his name and lineage, and
entered the battle-field. He fought in such a manner that his praise can¬
not be fittingly spoken.*......

###•##

Extbact XXIII.

In fine they thus relate: that these four Imams were at Madaint
They had gone out on a three-months’ hunting excursion. The Prince
Yusuf Qadir Khan standing respectfully in the Presence, made petition
“ Oh, Seed of the Prophet of God! we come from K&shqar. The land of
Kashqar has become entirely infidel. If victory be not obtained in the time
of such descendants of the Prophet as you, after this there will be no
victory. If your permission be given, should there be a certain force of
Islam with us, please God the Exalted, if God shows favour, having gained
the victory we will come to the door way of your Holinesses.”

The Holy Imam Nasaru- d-din said: “ Oh Chiefs ! Quickly collect an
army, and go (forth) with His Highness the Prince Yusuf ; if ye should
be defeated, send a despatch to us.” Thus he commanded.

Extbact XXIV.

His Highness Hassan Bughra Khan Gliazf gave commandment: “ Let
an army be collected. No quarter is to be given to infidels.”

In three days the army was collected. Taking the whole force, he
went and encamped at the town of Yangi-Hissar. With its advanced
posts at Altunluq (and) its rear (extending) to TJrtang Qara, the infidel

(army) was lying encamped. They fought for some days. At that

time several hundred infidels, making a sortie from the mountains, began
to slaughter the Musulmans. Then Hussain f Bughra Khan foaming at
the mouth, (and) bellowing like a mad. camel, made fierce war. He moved
on, causing the blood to flow (like the River) Ja'ihun. By the Heavenly
decree, being struck with arrows in several places, he fell a Martyr.

Extbact XXV.

His Highness Hassan Bughra Khan came into the plain.

Becoming exhausted, he raised a cry of grief and threw himself (on the
foe). He caused the blood to flow from the infidels (like the River) Ja’i-

• lit. u that it will not come rightly into landation.”
t Here “ Isan” should probably be read instead of “ Hussain.”

E 104 ]

hun. Arrows struck the Holy King in several places. A flood of blood
was poured forth. Nuqta Rashid severed the sacred head of the Holy King
from his body.

After the Holy Hasson Bughra KMn Ghazi had suffered martyrdom,
the infidels slaughtered* all the Musulm&ns. (It was) as if the Last Day
had come. The light of the world became darkness.

Extract XXVI.

His Highness Yusuf Qddir KMn was at Madain.. Hearing that

Yusuf Qddir was coming from Madain with an army of a hundred thousand
men,f Juqta Rashid fled away with all his forces to the cities of China.

The people of Kashqar took valuables and presents, and went to meet
the Holy Yusuf Qddir in the Mountains of Andijan . They pressed the
skirt of his robe to their eyes, and kissed his feet.

Extract XXVII.

They further relate that the Prince Yusuf Qddir Kh&n took forty
thousand men toj obtain vengeance for his father’s (death). Having be¬
sieged Khotan and fought for twenty-four years, he took the land of Kho-
tan, and slew the Jigalu-alkhalkhal of China. (Thus) he took vengeance
for his father:

He brought (away) the goods and booty of Khotan ; (on) the banks
of the Khan-Arik% he bought the Seven-Villages (Yetti-Tcent) of Tdzghun,
(at the rate of) a “ cMrak”|| of land for one ‘ misqal’ of gold, and dedicated
(them) to religious uses.

.He returned to Kashqar by the upper road, and encamped at a place

called Qizil . It being the place proper for building a “ Langar”^f in honor
of the Holy Sayad Arslan Kh&n, he ordered a tank to be dug. Immediately
they set to digging the tank. Loosening the ground with the points of

* Lit. “ Caused to arrive at Martyrdom/*

t Lit. “ Saying, Yusuf Qddir is believed to be coming....” (the Hear¬

say tense in mish).

J Lit. “ Saying: ‘ May I obtain &c/ ”.

J Or (i Royal canalit is known by that name to this day, and is situated between
Yangi-Hissdr and Kdshghar. Tdzghun means “ stream/* It is also the name of a River
and district in the locality noted above.

|| A “ Charak” of land is the extent which can be sown with one “ ch&rak” of seed.
A “ chdrak” of grain is about 15jtb. A t miscaT of gold is the seventh part of a “ s6r’*
(3£ rupees weight) ; at modem rates it is worth between 14 and 15 shillings. Land
which took 1 lb of seed to sow was therefore bought for about 1 shilling.

f A“ Langar” is a traveller's rest-house connected usually with some shrine.

t 105 ]

their arrows, each man* carried away a handful of earth. In one day, it
is said, the tank was completed.f

Extbact XXVIII.

JThe Holy Imams having seen the letter, said:

“ Oh friends ! a letter has come to us from the land of Kashqar. We
are going in order to conquer the infidels. We have§ no other work than
this.”

.They started in the direction of the land of K&shqar...After some time,

having made Yusuf Qadir Khan king over the land of Kashqar, (the Holy
Imams) set off in the direction of China. Having come there they sat
down before a (certain) town. The infidels remained amazed at this army.
At that time Juqta Rashid had a magician. (This man) said : “ Oh my
King, why are you thus distressed. Is it necessary for them to see the
town in order to take it, or can they take it without seeing it ?||

Juqta Rashid exclaimed : “ Oh Vizier, what speech is this ? The
city stands evident to the view,If (yet) he speaks thus !”

The magician responded : “ However many days that army may stay
here, (so long) will I conceal the town.”

Juqta Rashid having saluted him sat down. All the infidels were
glad, and heat a roll on the drum of rejoicing.

Morning came. When the Holy Imams had concluded their prayers,
they ordered a certain one (saying) : “ Go in (to the city) and say :
These who have come are the descendants of the Holy Mustafa** (on whom
be God’s mercy and peace). Their Holy names are Im&m Nasiru-’d-din,
Imam Mu‘inu-’d-din, Imam Zahuru-’d-dln, and Imam Qawamu-’d-din.
They have come from Mawara an-Nahar in order to conquer the land of
K&shqar, with an army of a hundred and forty thousand. They have
ordered me (saying), go in and say to those infidels, hang your bows about
your necks, come into my presence and become Musulmans professing the
Faith. If they do not profess the Faith, beginning with Juqta Rashid,

* Lit. “ By head of man.”

f A similar story was told me at Qizil itself, where also I obtained my copy of the
Tazkiratu-* l-Bug hr a (see Shaw’s High Tartary, page 240).

X The story here returns to the time when Yusuf Qadir had obtained assistance
from the Tm&ms of Madam, while Hassan Bughra Khan had gone on ahead (Ext.
XXII) to recover Kashghar, and had been killed (Ext. XXV). We seem to have here
a slightly different tradition.

§ Lit. “ There is to us...”

I Lit, “ Seeing will they take the town, will they also take it not seeing ?’*

1 Lit. “ Standing showing itself.”

•• The Prophet Muhammad.

14

[ 106 ]

we will kill all the infidels, capture their children, and destroy their
towns.”* * * §

Having heard these words, the light of the world became darkness to
the infidels. The infidels considered and said : “ We will not turn hack
from our faith.” They pitched a green tent on (the roof of) the palace.
The Shaman leading, one and forty magicians became occupied in their
magic.

They (the Musulm&ns) prepared to fight. The city disappeared.
They recognized that the magician must have exercised (his) enchant¬
ments. Morning broke, the city became visible again. They beat a roll
on the battle drum. At the moment when the bold soldiers were urging
their horses to the battle, the city disappeared.

In the same manner for forty years they fought together at (this)
town of China. * Finally one night Juqta Rashid with all his army, fled.

* * # # #

Extbact XXIX.

The Holy Im&ms started in pursuit of Juqta Rashid and Nuqta
Rashid.

.The Im&ms were at prayers, The infidels, finding the occa¬
sion opportune, slewf the Holy Imams like sheep, at the time of prostration.

Then they all fought for the standard, f and cut off its bearer’s hand.
Without giving up the standard, he seized it between his knees. They cut
off his (legs at the) knees also. He (then) held on to it with his neck
(and shoulder). They severed his neck. The standard, soaring into the
air, disappeared. The sun was eclipsed, § the world became darkened. A
voice came from the sky, a murmur came forth from the earth ; the infidels
went off towards China. One man fled and went to Kashkar, and gave the
news to the King Yusuf Qadir KMn.

Yusuf Q&dir Khan at once rode forth; (riding) night and day he
arrived, and (when) he saw the sacred heads of the Holy Im&ms severed
from their bodies, his senses left him. Again, he became conscious, and
saw that the bodies of men were lying scattered like the stones of the
wilderness. He wondered at not being able to distinguish between infidels
and Musulm&ns. ||

* Lit. “ having killed, &c.,.. he destroys.” Here the quotation is not

kept to the proper person of the verb.

f Lit. “ cut the throats.”

X Lit. “ saying, let us take the tugh (a standard made of a Yak’s tail).”

§ Lit. “seized.”

U Lit* “ saying, it is not known whether infidels or Musulmans, he remained in
wonder.”

[ 107 ]

He prayed, a thunder-storm arose, water flowed down from the moun¬
tains, rain fell from Heaven ; it placed the faces of the Musulm&ns in the
direction of the ‘ Qibla’; it turned the infidels’ bodies face downwards, and
carried away the heads of the unbelievers.

Then they took the Holy Imams’ sacred bodies, and placed them in
coffins. The other Musulm&ns’ bodies they buried.

The date was five hundred and ninety-six [a. d. 1199]. On the 10th
day of the month Zi-’l Hajjah, a Monday, the Holy Imams drank of the
sherbet of Martyrdom.

“ But God knows best what is the truth.”*

Note ok the Ujatliqs.

[In the u Report of a Mission to Yarkand under Sir D. Forsyth, K. C.
S. I.” (Calcutta 1875) in the History of Kashghar, p. 127, Dr. Bellew on
the authority of the “ Tazkira Bughra Khan” with reference to a passage
translated in Extract XY (above), says: “A poor and aged Jatlic= Christian
priest.came forward as a candidate for the offered reward.” Now al¬

though it is not to be denied that there were Nestorian Christians in Eastern
Turkistan at that time and later, I cannot think that there is any reference
to them in the present text. The word in my copy of the work (Tazkiratu-
’l-Bughra) is distinctly “ Ujatliq,” and besides the evidence given in

the note at the place (see above), I find the name “ Ujat” occurring as the
name of a town or village in a modern song called “the Maids of Turkistan,”
extending to 22 lines and celebrating the peculiarities of the maidens of
different towns of Kashgharia. The following will suffice as a specimen:

- cJurjj)

fjjj) - ^Jiy * • * * yj */ 5

JUJU jLs » * * • ijjty t_£u oU.,) 5y

* ^jiy ijx> jlyy ^ cytH u

Which may be rendered thus:

“ Straight and slender-waisted are the maids of Kashghar.

“ Short, with sack-like figures, are the maids of Yangi-Hissar.

44 A goitre above, fat below, (such) are the maids of Yarkand.

#•••*# ••#•*•••

This saving clause is added by the transcriber. It ia_of course Arabic.

[ 108 ]

“ Arranging apples on saucers are the maids of Khotan-Hchi.

“ Eating many currants and grapes are the maids of Ujat (of the Ujat*

[liqs).

• • • • # •

u Wearing felt caps, with foreheads wide (or high) are the maids of

[Sariqol.

“ Snub-nosed, (but) sweet-tongued are the maids of the Kirghiz.”

The reference to the foreheads of the Aryan Sariqolis is interesting.
After the foregoing portion of this note was in the press, I came
across a passage in the later part of the Tazkiratu’l-Bughra which settles
the question about the religion of the Ujat-liqs, and shows them to have
been Musulmans, though bad ones. It is as follows :

IcVjJjo j\j>

ii/A 4" viA 5 ^ 13 V^Ai 3 oA/'.J*'*- uM"*- 0

jIjjJUS (jbj£ teji |*t«I jyb disc U

“ He said: £ Oh my king ! there is a set (P) of people called Ujat .
The people of that (? place or tribe) are Musulm&ns with their tongues,
but their (real) religion is spying. Having spied they have sent letters
after the infidels who have fled (lit. they are in tongue Musulm&ns, in faith
doing espial, they have sent <fec.).* Thus he represented to the holy
Im&ms.”

This character of spies and traitors is that in which the Ujat-liqs are
represented each time in the Tazkiratu’l Bughra. With this agrees the
popular saying regarding them recorded in the note to the original passage,
(Ext. XV. above).

In a versified account of the same events as are recorded in the latter
part of the Tazkiratu’l-Bughra, I find the following parallel passage ;

^ }(SxSSjyS f ) A—jUUJ

oW Jj] Jjt) KJJ

“ He said : £ Oh king (possessed) of good qualities, we have a village which
' they call TJj&t;

In appearance they assent to the (true) Faith, but in their hearts they
have much enmity.’

They (the Imams) replied: 6 If the people of Ujat be so, they will not
obtain salvation in both worlds.’ ”

In the same book I find the following verses which identify the my-

[ 109 ]

tbieal personages Juqta Rashid and Nukta Rashid as the then chiefs of
Khotan:

^•^1 »U. *IA

Ju x£j &—iXi JjJT cX* sjj

“ Two infidels were kings of Khotan, the people of Khotan were
their soldiers;

“ One of them they called Juqta Rashid ; the name of the other
dog Nukta Rashid.”

In the Tazkiratu ’l-Bughra we hear of Juqta Rashid and Nukta Rashid
from a little later than 429 A. H. (A. I). 1037) until 596 A. H. (A. D.
1199). They are probably mere representative names. Khotan seems here
to be considered as belonging to China. R. B. S. 1877.]

[ ri ]

tijt yjJl AAJ JY& ol €\ i \ Xab

*&jf- W^SU jh^>s> j]/ )d«d) ^-*j LSjifiitji*- Jd O/

X x x '-r~a xs j* *lr! j.Ui dj tfij

Extbact XXIX.

Ajlj; t-J&cy < ^>JamAS;| (Jjj JjJt) ilXi dx&j aIS^j. ^SjAxI c^oa.
VS^»jJi <L jljiK ^V* -0 * °r <ia - XXX jt>dJy

XXX cf^^y t “^d‘ J 'd,>* I* 3 »«***" C^Sj i_,5(»L«l cfyOA. u ^» tj
*-&» ^^y jibjLj h_&a» A»Jb tyjd ,_$>#!

/-tf f» /A 5 ‘r^* uy u y« iV us^ <H^y

c^y v* li Vjyjl **!y> £y ii^yy v/***? ^i>*jyy j*
u /'^yd ct* 3 ^ jjl ^diu-j cr^y oVyly cjV?- cr^yy

^tJyxxx^yi^ JijX j***. uryy

cTdJUS yA. Ac »l£dlj ^’lo vsJ li.yjU» t»Ju«y u^aa. *—AcyAtf
j)^j£ u»SAa^ ^IbdiSbT uj^; Jy* ur/i isti^U cJua^i

j^U) c^d*. «-y^ v*

ffi xxx **i) s ^yy *k j^y v_£nw I**-

y*j& ydjUJy ydtf u clLj («®,iu ^u* «—Ui
y o^clw Jy» ^SjoLS oUli* xxx ^kdJUi c)!^- *—«*>d yJULvo

^IiUUk< ,_ ctAclj jy**i u^^Uwl .rdJyy y ^ y^j litu <ttl<

^U ^Ly y> Vj? iy J u^dy ***4* Sjfi

U| Oyd*. ^ ^diT cTdi^wjJiST JuAV* <-£AU

< wJJ iiUi ^lUUUwc €j } ) ^Sd^y wjJT K*sd) JjjdkLo ^yj.Sjou^. cJfjly*
^ «*

^1 A^ld ^^d 1 ^ J-yy ;y ***1)^ xxx jh dly ^d

—jlbdJUS .^py odV* cyy cyd*. t yjl uLUi

vlyaJIW’^l^lj

C J

Extbact XXVIII.

ufl ^jk*>3 Vj>v <i- ^ J»C UI

w idi ^° *-^ ii JW CW* ^ t/lrO' 1

x k -»r i " XXX Jjy fjy. yx*x£j) fy)

u_i-y /fUl o^La. ^ ai^ X x

**!» e/^ U »-»A 4-^J" AijJu5lj yUir 4.

J^i^JbaJlS I^U!J y j»j&jtjXty AbaJj tjai ^t, U<

^1 fikaj urJjS !"y (Ja> dai, Aliy. ) 0 ^Jj

Jj)l pk i^JfSyj/S ‘L-JY* Jiyxmjjiyi t^JUs 2_ A^y. Aai

JY* J)*js» tiytjijj u-l cf«x>T d*i, Aliy. ^Jjy*

A-y *ay* ^ J^i, ^djd ywU ^a>j £|diy*

*-* uo^jiy ^ ^ < t r>)*> < 1 *^ « 4 *-& ^

f u| ^BT uXiis *»WaU Jxt v yy

Ji^ 1 ^ x ** ^r? £>' ^yU yi

oJjl te&i f L« ^ AjIc air) ^nka* a*** cyoi. y

^le^° r U| ■» e^V u fW ufj^l Ujt+ojVjjJ

^Jl^ ] A J^* * jhi? <i (V* f**l) j n k (.U|

jy.yi ^ jk*M J^ ! «-&*• 6? jyi jUkS JJ J__

J\ p y«ykS jjjUjI ^y ^bku/o u^aki AiydJ) (£Aib« ._ . n J

yL ? Vjj^l *** yyikib a y&j <uiy. jUm*jPtf jm

us*^-^ >**4* Jji) s^hjtjn 1 ^ ^yjuJ

yjjo cfajl A&jail yyK ^aJy p)j

jjlib ^IbaCJ Ac|a,j|ydU. Ja£b y ^Ajd ya.^Uib ^ J

ybdJy C^«lj ^kki (ilia. XXX ^dJy dixa* Ar / «"y.U u y ^
x x fiSjti'XL, ^-aJy

^ JST

[ H ]

Extract X X V.

lj^>SUaXj »l4^b yj^i l y»A. is^

c!?* 4 ^ cir^ j*i<5*> 1 ‘-r*iV u ^Vr?

iliJybjJLaj CJ^A- ^15 Jj,l wy ifiiUjU •syaa. ^lUi»T

X )•*“> viJ;U* «-&> *LSob cya*. cU£>

^liUX-vo ^ ^iXSISjU v^V* cf/* \t*i (i/ 4 ^- «y““-

i5^4 ur^y ^ jhy/k * Scy ‘ 5 V £ cs*

XXX l_TdJy

Extract XXVI.

«-*«y (yi*^_ j h ^ji ] , V- 1 ‘ v * i^y^ *-®-y

<JaA) <•—-iii uP4?^^ '^* Jiyi cS^i^ cA^ - ji&*

y^btiAs? ^jSU. ( _ r jJu* K^A Vr-if 113 ^

^tsidil Ai^XfciJI i_Xio ,_^U «—*->y <s»yixa, c-yjf Ji *i<Ui>

xxxx jk<Hy“ c-^j «-»>»»*

Extract XXVII.

ej^- y>tf «-*-y c^-a^ y* «i*

|.UJ] ^jA^Hlil liAii ftab v—«~|JT viAL» c ^5

Jisjyj| fa. ^JT ^ywy ^ y *%1 J* «»y <y^

JU yikj ^ wjJ^ b*Us <£-

lilii y^J ^*y t£ k> y^J ‘—"*4* —^s^ly*

cJUj,l c_wj cJjjT *iyJT y lyi viUl<-^U- <L Jk

X X s/*^

jb&y tji je&jk? ^ Jy u^/y

jJ^yJLS jfii tSu *U^U yjfc yjVi. ^lU;) d*- yJiaL,

vj^cu jytji lt/' «-yo J/y «&'y*

ij* - y *ixib |»iiT t^AjC&y liUSUo (j;! ^ 5 ^®^

xxx «jKy J/ »^y Jly 1

[ I* ]

jX (jttx v«** t 1 ** ^ fV ‘■ru >V

,_fO^ AiiliiJw* lUa^ . - » - yjKj) V,I,»jJl» L r , _y^jJ

**j|*U* »Ujb ^ti. ]yy cya*. jtj*d*-*

*^viXb*. u««j45 jjj'jrf j «,'■**! uffH’^ l -r~ ,a * r u 0^j3<i\i '—*i/

X ^»Ul$ *,•*ool^ ^ °-* jlbjjji > * l ia . ^1 iii) j&J&jiS

Extract XXIII.

Jbdjl) ^1^* ;2!|*M oy y yi ^^4* ^ibj *-^1

c*-/i ^U. yob cJuy oyA j&yl <>4?“^

Jjyy <J^jl *_fl jlboki ypjc. fUS cjjV I* 5 *^j“4»

/>*«* ufdJy ai y*; y-«J >*>

^UJjj ^ IcVXxS^ u£ii Alii Jj^u; *#;l <-fJo,5

aU] ^l»j| ^jXSjjC )y^y\ |l)tw| ^Ct uJ Aad^^*J AhJ^} t C|H -

lfcf)i3 V^ixi jl&j&S** L^^sjJUi ^ii A-«*JjJ V^AjJ JljJ ^IcVi^. JUS

O y* ifla.^31 )j/®) cfl j&c^T |»Uol &*J}9

j^i^i \mm ^ yUJ JjJ^XJ AJUj fcl&jlj ^‘U Uft^

XXX jk'Ay* U^o«3 A^>U

Extbact XXIV,

(if jh*h* trj^ lsJ^ ])*•*.

£+^j£mJ itiijS ^1 tijijK dy^yi

L gAlj jlUiAy *. inA *\a*Cjjo ^ ([+J L cdJyJ

*xA«^ vyV ^y^ ]/ viUs^l J^UyUT

<oA^° J;) xxx^ V v-^j^clus tJU^

Jjl 5US tXJ^i ^ ^

L£^^° vy^ *—*yy

V.y^ \*)y^ ijitts!** L^]jySjy <£Sj& tjfS

X^IULU 0«3l|-i J;| 1*3^ dia^ AJ^ ^UkiJ

C tv]

JJ y jl£A*Jjb jiid\j&j>Kt

»UIj ft jhAil wjJ** fguS (Sbjiji jli*»4W J’r* ./?>&"

V*4> VA**UA ^^jSeytta. j\ai ^yiib

x x x ;*i*ili5 c^r 0 v-*i'—
**i^A j(j*i iw^ ^siy) j ^SiiAjU y

XXX

■_ ^ Asijj) Jfli. &*& jiidyJ

Oyia. ^iXiT JkfilxAJ Ikjjhfyii L^U nUijVj cy^a*. Jtj jJL5 ■, «*^Ua)
i_J»)jJb iSjJCjyc t*Jjj «\Jtob t^sy^i cJaa.) A»>1y* ^UaJL>

|jyA ^]yj) ^yijjjly u-~i4* v^/ y*- j*i<ijii <yT (_>T

*k <*s)^t Jr* c^-aa. XXX ^.StAylf «i|5

X X jtiiiiia) tli ys"“*

Jfy V"V *-&* ug^ yj/y *l*w *< ^rtVt^rVt^

^ii ^laS <->rV *»^y ^fciy w^y W^y

|*1U) ^JJuh&Ixm ljfc> ^ c tjfXA ^ C C x) jjy i <*'-!J*3

W*

$y y. cJ* *_5*'^y <«st»S wa«~*j r A' ^^y^y'*

»—»j* 3 ^yJUij t_r*wl Ji**-^ *«**—y*y uf^y

yi- <-->.> Jt+>) jjJJjuyK y*K j**iyl to e^-sr 1 *^

^dia? j_5-j^* jij yyj ^p-Jy j-y- ^CAJ i£^cUv Jy

x jfcjJy

yjU> wJ»*y <Aya». u rfi )jit (i yva. ^jUalu. oya

Aetyl*! cya uXijjU Ac^ytdw* jx* ^^Jbdj Ae»lijb (j^Lc
lylUj ^«ix jyJ^Uuylf k-XbU* (jiy-

x ;*d«i^J i ^ y L * tyy

oya. /Ij^y *li jb u^jVc ^LA. yjS t-i-y c#^*-

^ >8A^ w» jl^ jj fiy % <^«>b yjj^A»

^XibXaw* ^^*4?“ eya. wjy ^* 4 ) jlyji&f

Uyl **i*44> j^) j*y£

[ II ]

Extract XX.

yv u ^ ^pUjI J5 JJU« ^dil

<-&** ,^/fi cM- JA e/“°" XXX AA^

^XiUU-« jJbalxi Uj Jy j^dA^ *t» s 4 *

^Ua-T^j^j Ijjo ^yyi]yy <-»UJy ^UJ ^Stfiiiyjjk A^ 1 *

" ■** »♦ (^^<5 d*»e'*»y y^y c-CyiUUS ^—jH jH £-

y (*y Kfc*y*»jl ^ ;Sjjkyi yiA«Jl> (JjAe^U t j'^y ,_joJy

(*y y/itS (Jjl jyi->yy Kxy^j' *—yyK jjj>y«£

x x x A^y oT^Ija^a

/i^y ujly cA* 3 J yyy ^^oiT

/yyy’ cw- ;b* jI? ^ A^yV iaj 5 ‘Ka*** (--~>A

>C ; lbJuy yu urfA*

s^^Vyy e/ 41 ^" jw °>y a^u y* a ,,> vjyyW *_ob

»u^b ^lA. ^IU.1 «u« oy*. ^yjl <-&j ^T ;y&a

• •• •• A
X W]/* V^**Ja* i2>dV^& yJL**j*»

Extract XXI.

1/*^/“^ uM* c ir^ dfc ^ibj lsA>

j cM* nft^^J ci^A* u/*^' o^aa. j ^tc

jfyJ) )*3 \j>s) jJjo ^1 jS»Lijlj v jytc ^jjUI c..ft**^

^Sa-JT uW I«^2LsJ|j

^p»l ^)fcXi^-o» j)L£jS\ j\j\j •?

XXX ^jUl teJjjj <L<J*J

Extract XXII.

^ \>J^ )}i CUa^;S«U. 5 tj jj

^ki. &Uaam USj* t***£«> ^ULw^yf ^lUx

aUIAxc c ^^a.

c 2r^ ^*!r? <>£*) td ji **f* ^ri/ ^aiX&U yj y

[ 1° ]

Extract XVII.

jTbdltJ k.£ jly >jVbJJtui oT

pytjhdi* tte-jj* i-;^ *****
*T * 4 ? p'Js? ***** ^ a iir^

-% yj* jk*j£ V'W' 5

t^J i«S^V» J^A ;iidSl r » I^J t-HiM ****

XXX •hie* ySJ*}*’ t&l'd jh^J* V-A* Vi/

Extbact XVIII.

ufj^ «-cA* «A** !r** yj"**-

jkfij* A *jl*H / * /nl&dtj y. ys^ «A** •— b«>jt cy^-ifc

Jly*'J^* V ^ »* V» ’SAi V**^ «Jt*^ wj/" Vi/

^yjj l_£u uy' tt ^-'- / * cM®' !>% «***; *"v

*=:/ ^Ji Idil j'i^i l^d ;^/ V*V ^-dlxS u ^ 15

<_£.V 4Uyij| y_S^ji *>*f-* ^S^jUAmw* <**==* jh^i* *“^V J&**!/
yjU. ^ ^Uc uy*»e/ ^ «-&> d lU- eyia. 0-1;

JUi 1 US t-Xia. jS^K «pk* w# 5 cJ^ U 5 **^ «-tA*

X L-H^ Q/r" JJ/V

Extbact XIX.

yjj** «M- ]yi tl r^ vA* «> u *-*"/ °r^-

^ij; cJSd AiiUjI ^ jk**>y v**^A ^irtr*’ **/A*

^5^isA ^ ^ «A* a*-^ jh^yk^ cjW' Jk^y cM-**

^ c lcd I d. y jt. *v l_£x> (_y ’a- _J< jk-jX **Ji)j*i /**

tdjiA. iJoJjiLde<J ^T - j*iuL«« jk^jti**

y&jn jyL jjSJ-i (^AtS^y *-Xii ^c*S .7} cr// CU«j'-a-) k«S

x ji#* <-V.‘ 5 crW/ */!;■*■

[ If ]

jjdAJjf Xmft gJJt jjdjUJUS * 1 * 1 yj £xJ &c;S^j ^J^T Jli^l

^x> c-jX&T ^ftft j*> ft )I g£> AuJUi ^|JjU a£*L 4 jU Ojiia*

1^4 LJ^ A44 ^

^XX^j! l_XXy« 4 lX*A*! ft, jbft ji *JXs^l ftft& *<3

Sft *?* s j 4 &) r ul Al * ;**V ^

u^ejek. ad^Sxil^^A^ eJoo iLftJU o^a» Oj^ 4 Uxxdl iJ^x*.

<^J>* ^x* ^cxCxy* V^ b

u^jJUj ^Uj ^jjm«Ax#|; <_£xi x_£xa. JX-xr 1

»Ujb ^1 a&JjT ^dUi jy* cJuuy j ill ft

** •*

Jxm s m s *^ i ^ j )£ XaS)^ &i ^jA«JLxj ^aj jxj K^XJ^qai &Lxj^Ac

gJJb K*^ ^jH^T 1 ^-U *^ 0 ^ ^ ^*-;l ^

^ac /# fty** y*** • %&tej ft Aiftj Jb* jx*

imftyi x*jj^y« a*x> y ^Xj|Jj|() ^ XmJU* ^ *0

^«-^ii <Lftob lo y fla. i_f<J^IVr*y^ yO/-^-,>j 0
yL4J aJo jj o-OlJjJ y-i- *-Xii ^Jt4> gi«> ^O&iT ^aLAjI ^}f» yi

j*k yt ^s^t yj.^ t± y^ v^v ^‘ x ^ , y

• wo

x X x yj&jM j\x*»j jyi) )) S«Jo vyy e^Sy^

Extract XVI.

W *■* » ImJylji j*a ^l»Ul»<c^Jj|}yy ^IjT UoU»^ jU) jj j*

' Ac yUi y^IL) ^aUj A$ Lyx j l y hi ^_y CA»i» Jk&jy> '-r'^yi
lil Aj^jcl UxLs) U} ^y*» iJjJ&ji cJvxi r UI JU ft^f^jft

"/ /-f

»-jlc L- xti jo CMiii ^ ci-*j vy^ yo^^- tijyK vas^*

>^5 +90 ~ ~

ty+ss* Ij^Ju aJJ \j l ftS j l^d>* 3 ^yA . ^ ^

&xjjt£i \j \ mm jfty cXo tjjlXjb tfyj C2^T aJJ| Jj^y

|U> ^ |Aa i | _c jJl.w j Xmka Jw

" u* ** **

ft\mmSftx &±I 1 L« |#^xa j)ft ^JoilLAb X—Cxi

x^fiJ oT Aa.)^ 3U oyS*—^w) c»1o

X

.[ ir ]

OjsCu*. jyd USl, ft jtjASti ^jlyA. A*Jb t-X^ £jJ!

^JboJjJi^)) jl&JT ^ixi-l; <_&&> y sV^ ^ jj *U^b

vhiSS ^ jkajy £r& «>^

ij' £ ^ vy^-' jS^l j j jy'" c y)*-.* 5 ^*

to lL,y ^lc OJ-- c^Lk. u-jJT ^Ll^-o l-JO Jjj<j

« **^«* ___
jjjLi. tt j5U / >l ^U jjlh> cy^«a^. JiiiSiji es| ^^-Jy j^-i-

lr*i Wy jy ^ y ^.Ujo^jylW

>» **

***'• }j& ***}*> d ^ 1 ^ >J^jV Jd# «>*-» l ^-

XX. y<—^«X>&) ^U. ^pLyl J^S JLy] t_iu»y ^IL-f!

Extbact XIY.

Jjji* o^a. ^ £ ! Ji) idyk^.

^U ^U* 1 ^ ^UaU e^iA. v j r jX>Jtc ; l £jJI uXjJ

yK^ axA; aUjJ Juki; au^. ^Si_j^dit$jl

Ja^* 4X=> c^ y^J <—&i-« jyj) ^aA* JlsWl
*♦*^1 llil* - * lSjJ JiJ^Lm* IjiUly <_£jJllS* V_?U 5 usH^r

yi jlLdJjJ t^JjXl y^T <-»T

orA® LrN t/— '-r °-‘ 3 >-^ u r?

_» • ** M
]/*J ^ c^aA.

«*-*** >rr^ *-&* £j* *)jj ^Ji

vjyji AijSyi^ ^j/u^u l-a* fjijXjkto*

XXX cT*?;^ **+*£y* u**i*A 3 «*xiily

Extbact XY.

^ 1 * 3 ^ i^s L&yy« isyy»

cj>*^ ^ u^iS tJia. i_rjy' <-&** * u f*

y^r ^5 JJU> ^jUJU5 J6 jjJ j£> Ai JtjO o^a. jJULjT

[ ir ]

t_£/U ,J l — Jly^ s£>j*OA. y* ijjy i UyjJlg.

XXX jSaaL* uy«) jStXyjl JiL fc_&wyL ijt&xd

Eiteact XII.

Aill^c l^ijlLiU ^1 ^U. lyj (jy- ^UaJUu eya*.

^^yVaS^ltXA. )«aSJ,jma» ^Xjdiyi o)ji aJLj jijj% |jJUb;b jb *jJy
^jtaSy ,jr/Vc bA^ - ];*? (Jjj'*" bjUxI^i jlbjJUS (AjAIac j ■ -^clU

VS JJ°y> AaAiAwt^JyT ^IjojJT 1 _SjJO ^Jj Aa.AijjlLAb ^lij

b& j |*J^' *^jhi t_/l/

VPyOa. jjjULuyo bJaa> ^UaJU»

»—j!/y w_^A> aJU| Jyy

J<y B&** ‘V“~® l^yjT l.^&ilS’ ^..^vlaL, eyaa. xxx _;X*jy
Aii^U IiXil^b ^JdJtc y ^VkL, Ciyaa. X .. X . . X jKjJ,Ui ^j

X...X.. yj^j^y *^^>4 c ’>y

Eiteact XIII.

c^jDiltcj! l _{^'Vc jjLik. 2 j*j j_3y*u ^VkJLv tAyaa.

^wU. jji 5b| uy*»T «-*4i ^SySy XXX jCl^U ^SyJ ^j|
!_-•>. to j c^.)^ t ~y“ 3 'txjy* cj't jtiiU. yijb) U)

*iifi O/flA ^SiUW «-&a> ^1 _, jX^yl A.yy lix*^ yfc
A«yl jSy^J &JX*£lb ^x£ ^ItiJI c£>tJ I'jjSi^aS <*£lx S ^]LaJ |

‘“r 1 ®*- «»jVac Afi^US _, A>U*« Ja oyA Aa^y

j^\jjyi iJ=Sjj i^u* <-&w yy (.im ^

AA£j ^SjaK **ijH*>A Au *—-~*A^ V^y C^-A.)^y ,JbJ

y Ijyy V-X&j) A«yy sS jSijJ t_-ALS L2*j|>^

Ai^JUy. aL U-^AA i ^J^X^yb^JUlv-tyS ^iyi jyly yi

*4^ »-^jju c^T^yXc ^T «xis^ yoJyS diar^^J'j j,JU^

MrLy W *i<Sj»>) 6ijji ltu.».JU»

C i • ]

W-iiy i-J&jJ fS yjt,

^ijy>f J& ‘fir* *} jk*J Vjj? *->i . .x. .x.. i_r^

Jhi *-&* c5*lCU ^i^A. vjCixijiy ^yj

^bt AxjJ^i

uH^XJ Idjib L^*0^y AiA^J j y jAJt l^ju Jyu« ^ l ia L x O yxfla*
^JdiXw AaJL) Wyy ,^cl AO|Julylf y j)&)jj*

ci*l ^ A ^ 1 IcXil ^^3LS £)(X*^&

cJjJ UUS) «~j| ^UJLS >« rfi ^a. 1 _il(Xjjl

/ /s> ?& * * Sw & * *' t * ** , „

aJU aJ| 2) ^ ^ | JXb

•* «*
^Ual* \S3jAa. ^j-oUjJ Jy*S oo'j*"^ j*& Jjl Jj&J *W)

>1 yj^y. «M-* <- r ~s ilJ cH*y y >;^4* J^

^ ^yxoStJ J&>&Xx$ &}]y* ^ 6jj]yc dL V ^|ll aL « C ^flAi

*»»

t g to. ^jfjJMIj j>4^1 l, s^*)y ^ jHjjJ.>S A«&ojJ) &Jj »,»-*«*

^-1 ^^d^Awi i-r*i*>^

^ L 1<X&. Ijb ^1 A$ ^ILjJU* lc,J (_>.j,y^ AjUfclfp «-&j ^K*j

l)X^ A$ l^AjJl^ 1 ~‘^ t 1 CiAj^ls'* ^Afti

«K»

c_£ijj;y ^ ^jJIjIj b«l Ui *od *1*a

j\^$ b Ija* {Jb &*Jy ^g&A. ^jXSLw

jlbjJsxS oIaUL* u^i»3 lf^ 2—jK y *Jy i.Sxxi** ^jJ

cj>jyuJ jXJ ^jJy ^gJu**® ^Suo fc_£ii ^UaLu# c y flA.

** j 5 o^ °>- ^Adyid <i- uM- ^ c»; u

O-HaJ Uj Ki« ^ d-4jy& y m ^-^-y y*^)^ ufl

tfjXi AJ^ILl U^arijj jJjhiiltS iJZ^sk** c—«a«> J-i*^ ^oJb yJ

^^UlxJ J^aS u-^iJ AiXiidii uXiji-< J>^si (H! 5 ^

i^<ac ilXioJ ^UaL. ^JUUS J^aJ

O-jJy J^d vyyjid i-cM- b*i M))}* jk<d& •k 053*

^jJ,j |Jaa y '-&& f > ' e 0 <3^*- J^j Jr 4,

tCjUw* jiSiyyu ii*Aj) L^l<« ^jL«!Lm) tS ({jOiLw iSyOA.

[ !• ]

jk*i I u^JjW u^e*3 v^JT \A&j$j* jkdiyi s^ij^

is/A^y r ^y f Sb ^1 fi J^T u^Ss 5 ^ ]yd

JiS £laiy l?y~ ^ SlA. Jy ^Ud ^1 ^Jyt iAi^j ^U;

a*a^/* v^^I ^^Ayl l«A*yyj*3

x u^xib ^Xy^SJ a*** u&xIai ^fcUX >1y.

Exteact IX.

V^H ^5^(4^ f**>y Sri^ 1 cy c; llaL#

X...*... j^}h ^iUU ^axJly! *^Jy. o^flA.

ACjXyK' L^xlxS ;Sa**jAJ s>yy 8LL« CUar^ 1 ^^)

...X...X... jh*i& Lsfyjsdo tTjju JlxL]jJ>- sS txAJSt

Exteact X.

aIjj £**&> o^a. i^L«L»jr*ajJjyI A=Jy. o^fla.

c^^a. J^ s y4 ^*4***l^l w^a> j/*J A*Jy

&£ ^3tv\US U»> \^jJ6^ Jy ^yL*lu# ^aiJJyl AcJy*
jA?y yd& Aij)UULw« J»a^aj ybj J j^JlS Ac^SyK aIju
b^ cJoJ ^yL-itw# y&IJIyl AA>ly* o^a ^t^jJyfc^JbjJLS lc^ U^*3
^jJjixj vlfci ^ j&«*y ydj 1 XjijM

XX U^f^ la^AA. cAj | j^ r > Axj A~Jy *-&*d£ljdy» Vryy

Exteact XI.

Lj^y k T ur/i d U. ly> Jyu* ^UaU cya.

V5J^ lyl jid+»jj$ AiJuAi 1^1 L-iv> ^Ia. jyj tyflfcXU

jyj y uyxfu Lj'ijfoji

tJjjifJ&ji iXJ Lpi&J \^^Jd ^UuaS ^AA*U <— & > ^Ufc.

cJuJv^rU;^;! laS^iy ^y ^ ^^4

^i>3 *-&> A+s* tyJkS*. ^yx>i «_£iJy* *»

lr*4 W **4**I; Jlr*^ yjUaLn. Cys». yx*j }t slxi

}U tifjy&Sji &*? “j&SSl y tijji ^1 ^ Ja.

ti/ i». j&lyby yxm U u&i k^sM J \yS> y^yoU^ *iW^ y

Ay**J *^4^1 yyy vy/y *=>**> u/Vi&ji

<0*

* jk*iy. Jh ^tyV 1 * 5 Jy* *ri J ^y c 1 -^ 5 **

Extbact YIII.

^ uA i^Jt&U <^£o ^g iLcUo^oSJI ^j| O^OA.

sj^l y^o yJ^L^c lSxxX* JS* ]jij

w ♦* *•„/**»

y-> jy «-&> iiLs^? J>1 Xitar^y gy£.j) o' A 4 f '

**>* v* 3 $“ ^ r^ 1 ^ c 1 ^* 5 ’Jy 5 J ] jr^* ^k?

j*ajJ]yj] X=-)yL c jl jJJi A^Jo j^jy^Sy cVi.)«S

y ))*■£ jjLolSU# ^yijjl «k>y ^1 ^UxLul ^it«V«

^jJU. ,.U _/l Jijy Jc-yly yV u^' oU y-'*

»H sP

vljj aIJ) «*_£io) aL ^oLJL* l-^ 4> cujji aj |j

c^dd. ^i>JU*& (_&> JijS^

y_$ > )y» y J . ]y*-> (Jj^

J&J fi*** uM* 1 1*1 cJJtA* ^awAJjjI jht&i

<i£y ^U;yUj) ii^sk ji<*Sii y

]jkJ ytfyj^ £*£* ^ Sj\js x i j5jilf A**A

sP

yyii jfl Jj,v L-^y-iUaL.

^-Uii ^jliyl vyWyrf y y-> ujliJyyj ^^y o

«p N /

y« J>l ji*j)^ *j\=H J» ^ySyj yyj il£> } J } \ ^J.\j fto yym

J>&y. liAyi yl^ji yj i_£ioyj L^-^a>

^Jy ^y yl

•P ...

d«■*•“* Ci 4 ?' uj^ax* ujy^wx!

16

Extract IV.

V** rfty&l'Zr! oj fj* *>j**-

m 3 1 Ki-^LaJL? j^^UiT tlj^JXxx*jk)}i o*!

- «** ^

A* 4 J \j*»j <y>8B* \23yOt* jl&jfji ujVJUw#

<*r^‘ i Hr 4 -* *1 JyA ;,y ^jUil j ^y^l uJjJ

•^■aLS va*®*"

Extract V.

^ cJ-jA* c$ySI«3l«3 <*-&* ^

V v - s ^V ^ v-S>^ <jl^** (* && ^

y* L gar* Uo) jljjlxj L^ ^lJb-La# tt ^. O A>

XXX ^jU^T u^*3 Jl^il^l

Extract VI.

^UaJLu cyox yi cX^aJ K^jyCJj) ^jJlkJU cyb.

J* jjy jlj& ^1 *S l^jJLS v«>T ir;)s4flj

• ^

**" < L ( ^‘Hl/ «W J 11 )*W J yi L -&j

•-&* «M- 1^ *r***•* (4/*"!^^ *'^4<

yi

cf/t-* *-&> '—H^ ol^i c-&a> >W (*7^*

yj fi^jji £&*b* )b& sj *i jil^iLT ^,3 ,_r^ Ob;
yJxtjjXSj] ^dil A-.JfjJ yjlf^ A*iijJ 4_&j «X*S^^I (Ji*i b

X X Jyb^i ^,y*» jJ xAili. 1^ '—"i 4

EXTRA.CT VII.

V**4» t-2^s^* ^Haj %sji^Sti SimS **+- u,U. ),*#

C-~i;bj>t ^jlui i^a U * ^jJs oAA. J^bjl Ails^^j *$

Ji,y cr' ^ibT cj'-i- cj^jbb ^>«iLi v*rv „j> c>^A»

C v ]

IAj ^j.) tS y^y «&' j»lLJI

Jij?-/ i->&.^y v^y ji^T ja> Ul JyS j&l«o<3 **yy>

Jy^-* *2^^ ^ ^s^tL&u ^UUs \ 3J i ^y *yyy

^fl *£ jh±i) y^iJiyl <^».)jHi. o y - A-v IjJI fc ^j j XJ ^u>

c^ 1 * 3 - 5 y ^ y ^Uj! Uia y s^iU^U

v_<i]JLd Jo a^Ij ^UjI Uj A£)ttj*oT c*Jj«3 Jt*Jj jy^xS

KyLT ^ JJ*A*to AJJ y Jj^y &*y)& ( * 3 ! ^jikXkm

y*

^'jJo o^!>* *4^ ^a*« <y<ityo y y^jj^ y»

j^ulljJ 1 ^UaLw Oj*Oa* J^dJLS

y*J ^y I«*ju ^s^yy ^y. y

^4AjT Jb i^y A^ly* ^1

+ +<*»-

^ / w» . _

*JJ ¥ <jujJs /utt AS ^&JjT j-«ajJ)^j) o^aa>

t &+ 9 *'** +* &> *~" 0 <*'°-e . *? a 9 + , 9 ~9 &

)cXo^* y*jf tA^j y aJJ Kj All U ^Jl ^|^*1 Ot^.jJw A*i£ Alii J y**j tl+s* aJJ K]

99 9,* 9+0*

A ub Ot)l^t &»K JkU cyfid» vJj^t) y KtU0

*

®y* cf^jy* »—y ,s )i & **4* ej^i* 5 ****" e/i* <y^T ^*yjT

*» ••

uf 11 )cX£» ^Kj« 3 tX* ar * iS j8 4 ^AAjl ^ c >lxL« ^>)

C^«US Jjl ^ULS JfrlA. e!^j' J^4 ufl^ ; Ui*3

^jV? U^ C* 3 ^ 4 ^ ^jijS

Kjy) UZ+ .M *)) y 0*»l; C-^i iks^ Jjl

*Sjy) ^ir*

^yrnj O ^ flA. ^0(3 l*y&y+CJU* S\j* &*»Jy> 4^^ *Us^

^UoUu yj) Sa)j±* J&h* o^aa. ^tXil ^lbdUS ^Uj ^IdA.

4 *^^ 0*31^4 aJS Jji tejh)j+$ ^1 AS **

)«X^. ^m0^Xjy) fh !j* K^iSXjy | A.«JjJ A+A J ^JydlXjy) AJJJ lSIjJ

• jfli&id sS^y. Aiolclt cJoi

C i 3

J&l* jb. )«^V/ il/ >b '1 *i* #*> Jl

J**> ^UaLo jijjJjy&y Ac^cJJU j)^l «*>/£•» sjjSU j

jU. »,);>^ _yj y^ ^ yi tiy. y>»

<rr^^ <A i*y y>^ c &i?f dT ^!diy»

j^sJi jj) *a»)y±. ^UilyK' y C) j^JjJ J\ ; )j U^«* ^JjS L-^/i

i*/£*i ))&£ g^bT jlfJLuJl* ^iL*U»»y&iJIy) ^jU«Um

• # gd

jt&j) Jyu, ^Ualoi Ii3 ^

u^d tUac^l^bdj i-J^S ^UU* j*aiJ)jj] o^o^.

o>T ; W«3 j^i^i T jd fl\jp^y!

fa^>< ^aIjJ &£j\j& yi i^!uL< uJb jjjtjJUi ^jyoiU t ^)lUw

c 5 ii^ > ;S;lS'c»««JA. yj^) ^<S Jyb c_£>jJ«— iiy& o)j J^4 cs ^'->
Ac;UJ jVtjjl? <UJb (ir iAUU j*e»jJI yj) tojyi. yoj j&yij* <—

Jyft U^^Xlj) yoiU£ A*J;S^I *W y>fy £A» ;»i^y

jjjUaUx o^aa. JltSjy *JJ^uy_j| «_£ixi Li ^jUaLu o^Oa.

1 ^ y*A» c jNj^T t—

y^j A**y,l I^J yiy yH)*'—£i

IfjJ 4 jj t fU gil^Uw yiaUl^j) A&.I^Sk U> y<fla jlL><Sji} ajyu y*m i,,, <j Q
1 •• «T

^jJdT ^Ual^ c^iA. jKjJJUj ^JLu^jJUi AjbjJbdJl cJ!ioJ ^UaJLw oyi^.
Aca)j.^ o^aA. jhJJjijjjS slju ^J U>U*/ ^aiJ)y) SaJja* izjj+a&> vy£y
^CjJiji ij&ky cj>y

L C—AJwl^J

^Jbdjy »JJ;lbjJl wjJl Aia^ ^Ual«# c^waa.

J>-y J «3 ^yUL# ^ox/lyl

Ijmj/SjJ ^^>1 jU L^i oy.

O^OA. U^;«3 Jy&j)\ **y& ^

j*i«?;y ^ &&* I** Jyi jt>&ji) Uy^ t^ T J*a*>

cJ!Im ;5bdJ ^ajJly) |di)

lx Ic ^x^^dJlu ^UaLv cj^OAa ^X^JJ[»3 ^yL«Uwj^aiJ)y) ^1

[ • ]

yjl jV v**** 1 ^

W jM A*£;1&K <J&£» laA. J \y*j Cij^OA. iSi JilJ^f 0 «il^*U yt jb&

V»yj1 ^5>y*J }H (►*> ^ *U| Jy; Vi

lAi- Jj-y CJ y ^O A - Itii) jh<y£ (jOjB v_^i^^ixj|y jt*

ipl y£j JS *J e/* *4^ *W cX*ai 4-03 A$

wj J ijlijl ^ KiuvUj

*r»)y WWV u^J **io|^/ ^ (*y*^ /i^ vW-

/*•»*> ^yLS u£3 u<* ^ dr*

Eithact n.

jsOsilyi] jyU ^VUm^J btX^T Ui. Jyw; O^a*.

V—*iV £iA^ ^ *jUe-* ^Uj J^-ft ^ILtJiJ jj^LJ iAilol ^jiUU

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STORIES

Fbom Forbes’ Persian Grammar translated into Turki

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15

573138

DAWKINS COLLECTION

THIS WORK IS

PLACED ON LOAN IN THE LIBRARY
OF THE TAYLOR INSTITUTION BY
THE RECTOR AND FELLOWS OF
EXETER COLLEGE
OXFORD

C